{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:54:57Z","timestamp":1790790897366,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Team of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2019-Y502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-Y502"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["14122021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14122021"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Model Animal Phenotyping and Basic Research in Metabolic Diseases","award":["2018KSYS003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KSYS003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Can maternal serum levels of soluble programmed cell death-1 (sPD-1) and its ligand (sPD-L1) serve as biomarkers for missed miscarriage (MM)?<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum sPD-L1 levels are significantly decreased in MM patients and may serve as a potential predictive biomarker for miscarriage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) comprise important immune inhibitory checkpoint signaling to maintain pregnancy. Their soluble forms are detectable in human circulation and are associated with immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three independent cohorts attending tertiary referral hospitals were studied. The first (discovery) cohort was cross-sectional and included MM patients and healthy pregnant (HP) women matched on BMI. The second validation cohort contained MM patients and women with legally induced abortion (IA). The third prospective observational study recruited subjects requiring IVF treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the discovery cohort, we enrolled 108 MM patients and 115 HP women who had a full-term pregnancy at 6\u201314\u2009weeks of gestation. In the validation cohort, we recruited 25 MM patients and 25 women with IA. Blood samples were collected at the first prenatal visit for HP women or on the day of dilatation and curettage surgery (D&amp;C) for MM and IA subjects to determine serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels. Placenta samples were harvested during the D&amp;C within the validation cohort to measure gene and protein expression. The prospective cohort collected serial blood samples weekly from 75 volunteers with embryo transfer (ET) after IVF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Circulating sPD-L1 levels were reduced by 50% in patients with MM (55.7\u2009\u00b1\u200916.04\u2009pg\/ml) compared to HP controls (106.7\u2009\u00b1\u200958.46\u2009pg\/ml, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and the difference remained significant after adjusting for maternal age and gestational age, whereas no significant differences in sPD-1 level were observed. Likewise, serum sPD-L1 was lower in MM patients than in IA subjects and accompanied by downregulated PD-L1-related gene expression levels in the placenta. In the IVF cohort, applying the changing rate of sPD-L1 level after ET achieved a predictive performance for miscarriage with receiver operating characteristics\u2009=\u20090.73 (95% CI: 0.57\u20130.88, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was mainly confined to East Asian pregnant women. Further large prospective pregnancy cohorts are required to validate the predictive performance of sPD-L1 on miscarriage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reduced circulating sPD-L1 level and downregulated placental PD-L1 expression in miscarriage indicate that dysfunction in PD-L1 signals is a potential underlying mechanism for pregnancy loss. Our findings further extend the importance of the PD-L1 axis in pregnancy maintenance in early pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was financially supported by grants from the Subject Innovation Team of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine (2019-Y502), General Research Fund (14122021), and Key Laboratory of Model Animal Phenotyping and Basic Research in Metabolic Diseases (2018KSYS003). The authors declare that they have no competing interests to be disclosed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T09:19:50Z","timestamp":1693991990000},"page":"2128-2136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Decreased serum soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 level as a potential biomarker for missed miscarriage"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuishan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metabolic Phenotyping in Model Animals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liona C","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Chiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tin Chiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianghao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziying","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metabolic Phenotyping in Model Animals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1295-3063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dewei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metabolic Phenotyping in Model Animals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0010-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat6114","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat6114","article-title":"Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"4","author":"Ander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01015","article-title":"Soluble programmed death receptor ligands sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 as liquid biopsy markers for prognosis and platinum response in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"9","author":"Buderath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.09.030","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling PD-L1 expression in cancer","volume":"76","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-019-0536-1","article-title":"Reduced expression of PD-L1 in autoimmune thyroiditis attenuate trophoblast invasion through ERK\/MMP pathway","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.06.004","article-title":"Development of a sandwich ELISA for evaluating soluble PD-L1 (CD274) in human sera of different ages as well as supernatants of PD-L1+ cell lines","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3465","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3465","article-title":"Semi-quantitative determination of protein expression using immunohistochemistry staining and analysis: an integrated protocol","volume":"9","author":"Crowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0264-y","article-title":"The importance of exosomal PDL1 in tumour immune evasion","volume":"20","author":"Daassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-49","article-title":"Bias, precision and statistical power of analysis of covariance in the analysis of randomized trials with baseline imbalance: a simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Egbewale","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12795","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12795","article-title":"Immune checkpoint molecules soluble program death ligand 1 and galectin-9 are increased in pregnancy","volume":"79","author":"Enninga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180870","article-title":"Secreted PD-L1 variants mediate resistance to PD-L1 blockade therapy in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"216","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050019","article-title":"A critical role for the programmed death ligand 1 in fetomaternal tolerance","volume":"202","author":"Guleria","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02898-4","article-title":"The clinical implication of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in patients with breast cancer and its biological function in regulating the function of T lymphocyte","volume":"70","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.046581","article-title":"Trophoblast CD274 (B7-H1) is differentially expressed across gestation: influence of oxygen concentration","volume":"74","author":"Holets","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f3676","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3676","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of first trimester miscarriage","volume":"346","author":"Jurkovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03104-6","article-title":"Human placenta and trophoblast development: key molecular mechanisms and model systems","volume":"76","author":"Knofler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B16","first-page":"6512","article-title":"Association between PD-1\/PD-L1 and T regulate cells in early recurrent miscarriage","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01082","article-title":"Analysis of TCR repertoire and PD-1 expression in decidual and peripheral CD8(+) T cells reveals distinct immune mechanisms in miscarriage and preeclampsia","volume":"11","author":"Morita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02389-7","article-title":"Accumulation of blood-circulating PD-L1-expressing M-MDSCs and monocytes\/macrophages in pretreatment ovarian cancer patients is associated with soluble PD-L1","volume":"18","author":"Ok\u0142a","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00086","article-title":"Elevated soluble PD-L1 in pregnant women's serum suppresses the immune reaction","volume":"10","author":"Okuyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001113","article-title":"Therapeutic plasma exchange clears circulating soluble PD-L1 and PD-L1-positive extracellular vesicles","volume":"8","author":"Orme","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744980","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1744980","article-title":"ADAM10 and ADAM17 cleave PD-L1 to mediate PD-(L)1 inhibitor resistance","volume":"9","author":"Orme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3131","article-title":"Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: perspectives and challenges","volume":"16","author":"PrabhuDas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4579","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4579","article-title":"Defining safe criteria to diagnose miscarriage: prospective observational multicentre study","volume":"351","author":"Preisler","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02437-2","article-title":"Proteolytic processing of PD-L1 by ADAM proteases in breast cancer cells","volume":"69","author":"Romero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-07112-x","article-title":"Soluble PD-L1 expression in circulation as a predictive marker for recurrence and prognosis in gastric cancer: direct comparison of the clinical burden between tissue and serum PD-L1 expression","volume":"26","author":"Shigemori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.006","article-title":"Management of early pregnancy loss with mifepristone and misoprostol: clinical predictors of treatment success from a randomized trial","volume":"223","author":"Sonalkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000305","article-title":"PD-L1 expression in human placentas and gestational trophoblastic diseases","volume":"36","author":"Veras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew019","article-title":"Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) regulate CD4+ T cells to induce Type 2 helper T cell (Th2) bias at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1738","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.112","article-title":"PD-1 and Tim-3 pathways are associated with regulatory CD8+ T-cell function in decidua and maintenance of normal pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13230","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13230","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on T-cell subsets in women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.010","article-title":"Sample size estimation in clinical research: from randomized controlled trials to observational studies","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7552.1223","article-title":"Spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester","volume":"332","author":"Weeks","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.08.013","article-title":"Inherited susceptibility to miscarriage: a nested case-control study of 31,565 women from an intergenerational cohort","volume":"222","author":"Woolner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03139-9","article-title":"Soluble PD-L1 improved direct ARDS by reducing monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.05.098","article-title":"Circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 as a potential biomarker for missed abortion in humans","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01171-6","article-title":"PD-L1 enhances migration and invasion of trophoblasts by upregulating ARHGDIB via transcription factor PU.1","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13524","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13524","article-title":"Serial changes in two immune checkpoint receptors and ligands, Tim-3\/Gal-9 and PD-1\/PD-L1 in peripheral blood prior to miscarriage: comparison with pregnancies resulting in a live birth","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.1A0420-012RR","article-title":"Trophoblast-secreted soluble-PD-L1 modulates macrophage polarization and function","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2023110708023709400_dead178-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0329","article-title":"Soluble PD-L1 as a biomarker in malignant melanoma treated with checkpoint blockade","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/38\/11\/2128\/52726975\/dead178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/38\/11\/2128\/52726975\/dead178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T08:03:48Z","timestamp":1699344228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article\/38\/11\/2128\/7260909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dead178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1161","1460-2350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}}}