{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:47:01Z","timestamp":1782301621460,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Developmental Program of China","award":["2023YFC2705605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2705605"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023JJ30731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Grant of CITIC-Xiangya","award":["YNXM-201906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNXM-201906"]}]},{"name":"Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["YWXM-202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YWXM-202209"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Individuals with 46,XX\/XY chimerism can display a wide range of characteristics, varying from hermaphroditism to complete male or female, and can display sex chromosome chimerism in multiple tissues, including the gonads. The gonadal tissues of females contain both granulosa and germ cells. However, the specific sex chromosome composition of the granulosa and germ cells in 46,XX\/XY chimeric female is currently unknown. Here, we reported a 30-year-old woman with secondary infertility who displayed a 46,XX\/46,XY chimerism in the peripheral blood. FISH testing revealed varying degrees of XX\/XY chimerism in multiple tissues of the female patient. Subsequently, the patient underwent preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) treatment, and 26 oocytes were retrieved. From the twenty-four biopsied mature oocytes, a total of 23 first polar bodies (PBs) and 10 second PBs were obtained. These PBs and two immature metaphase I (MI) oocytes only displayed X chromosome signals with no presence of the Y, suggesting that all oocytes in this chimeric female were of XX germ cell origin. On the other hand, granulosa cells obtained from individual follicles exhibited varied proportions of XX\/XY cell types, and six follicles possessed 100% XX or XY granulosa cells. A total of 24 oocytes were successfully fertilized, and 12 developed into blastocysts, where 5 being XY and 5 were XX. Two blastocysts were transferred with one originating from an oocyte aspirated from a follicle containing 100% XY granulosa cells. This resulted in a twin pregnancy. Subsequent prenatal diagnosis confirmed normal male and female karyotypes. Ultimately, healthy boy\u2013girl twins were delivered at full term. In summary, this 46,XX\/XY chimerism with XX germ cells presented complete female, suggesting that germ cells may exert a significant influence on the sexual determination of an individual, which provide valuable insights into the intricate processes associated with sexual development and reproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T08:56:43Z","timestamp":1709197003000},"page":"849-855","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A case report of a normal fertile woman with 46,XX\/46,XY somatic chimerism reveals a critical role for germ cells in sex determination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Dehua","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Fu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China"},{"name":"National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China"},{"name":"National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China"},{"name":"National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue-Qiu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China"},{"name":"National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4732-6756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang-Xiu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China"},{"name":"National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis , Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3877-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ge","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China"},{"name":"National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China"},{"name":"Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis , Changsha, 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