{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:59:09Z","timestamp":1787241549372,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry of the Erasmus MC"},{"name":"University Medical Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n What is the association between first trimester maternal tryptophan (TRP) metabolites and embryonic and fetal growth?<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n Higher 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) concentrations are associated with reduced embryonic growth and fetal growth and with an increased risk of small-for-gestational age (SGA), while higher kynurenine (KYN) concentrations are associated with a reduced risk of SGA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n The maternal TRP metabolism is involved in many critical processes for embryonic and fetal growth, including immune modulation and regulation of vascular tone. Disturbances in TRP metabolism are associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n This study was embedded within the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict Study), an ongoing prospective observational cohort conducted at a tertiary hospital from November 2010 onwards.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n A total of 1115 women were included before 11\u2009weeks of gestation between November 2010 and December 2020. Maternal serum samples were collected between 7 and 11\u2009weeks of gestation, and TRP metabolites (TRP, KYN, 5-HTP, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) were determined using a validated liquid chromatography (tandem) mass spectrometry method. Serial 3D ultrasound scans were performed at 7, 9, and 11\u2009weeks of gestation to accurately assess features of embryonic growth, including crown\u2013rump length (CRL) and embryonic volume (EV) offline using virtual reality systems. Fetal growth parameters were retrieved from medical records and standardized according to Dutch reference curves. Mixed models were used to assess associations between maternal TRP metabolites and CRL and EV trajectories. Linear and logistic regression models were utilized to investigate associations with estimated fetal weight (EFW) and birthweight, and with SGA, respectively. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n Maternal 5-HTP concentrations and the maternal 5-HTP\/TRP ratio were inversely associated with embryonic growth (5-HTP, \u221aCRL: \u03b2 = \u20130.015, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u20130.028 to \u20130.001; 5-HTP 3\u221aEV: \u03b2 = \u20130.009, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u20130.016 to \u20130.003). An increased maternal 5-HTP\/TRP ratio was also associated with lower EFW and birthweight, and with an increased risk of SGA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.006, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.00\u20131.013). In contrast, higher maternal KYN concentrations were associated with a reduced risk of SGA in the unadjusted models (OR\u2009=\u20090.548, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.320\u20130.921).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n Residual confounding cannot be ruled out because of the observational design of this study. Moreover, this study was conducted in a single tertiary hospital, which assures high internal validity but may limit external validity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n The novel finding that maternal 5-HTP concentrations are associated with a smaller embryo and fetus implies that disturbances of the maternal serotonin pathway in the first trimester of pregnancy are potentially involved in the pathophysiology of fetal growth restriction. The association between higher maternal KYN concentrations and a reduced risk of SGA substantiate the evidence that the KYN pathway has an important role in fetal growth. More research is needed to delve deeper into the potential role of the maternal TRP metabolism during the periconception period and pregnancy outcome for mother and offspring.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n This study was funded by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Clinical Chemistry of the Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The authors have no competing interests to disclose.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T01:22:30Z","timestamp":1708996950000},"page":"912-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["First trimester maternal tryptophan metabolism and embryonic and fetal growth: the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict Study)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Sofie K M","family":"van Zundert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina C M","family":"van Egmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenie","family":"van Rossem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten P","family":"Willemsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter H","family":"Griffioen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron H N","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Mirzaian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4353-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9gine P M","family":"Steegers-Theunissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the 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