{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:26:56Z","timestamp":1792693616915,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Maternal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human pregnancy is widely considered as an important cause of adverse changes in male reproductive health due to impaired foetal androgen production\/action. However, the epidemiological evidence supporting this view is equivocal, except for certain phthalates, notably diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP). Maternal phthalate exposure levels associated with adverse reproductive changes in epidemiological studies are several thousand-fold lower than those needed to suppress foetal androgen production in rats, and direct studies using human foetal testis tissue show no effect of high phthalate exposure on androgen production. This conundrum is unexplained and raises fundamental questions. Human DEHP exposure is predominantly via food with highest exposure associated with consumption of a Western style (unhealthy) diet. This diet is also associated with increased exposure to the most common EDCs, whether persistent (chlorinated or fluorinated chemicals) or non-persistent (phthalates, bisphenols) compounds, which are found at highest levels in fatty and processed foods. Consequently, epidemiological studies associating EDC exposure and male reproductive health disorders are confounded by potential dietary effects, and vice versa. A Western diet\/lifestyle in young adulthood is also associated with low sperm counts. Disentangling EDC and dietary effects in epidemiological studies is challenging. In pregnancy, a Western diet, EDC exposure, and maternal living in proximity to industrial sites are all associated with impaired foetal growth\/development due to placental dysfunction, which predisposes to congenital male reproductive disorders (cryptorchidism, hypospadias). While the latter are considered to reflect impaired foetal androgen production, effects resulting from foetal growth impairment (FGI) are likely indirect. As FGI has numerous life-long health consequences, and is affected by maternal lifestyle, research into the origins of male reproductive disorders should take more account of this. Additionally, potential effects on foetal growth\/foetal testis from the increasing use of medications in pregnancy deserves more research attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T02:53:51Z","timestamp":1719456831000},"page":"1879-1888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Endocrine disruption and male reproductive disorders: unanswered questions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1686-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard M","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration & Repair, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112075","article-title":"Molecular pathways in placental-fetal development and disruption","volume":"581","author":"Adibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000092","article-title":"Meat intake and reproductive parameters among young men","volume":"25","author":"Afeiche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.09.061","article-title":"Limited risks of major congenital anomalies in children of mothers with IBD and effects of medications","volume":"146","author":"Ban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00553-7","article-title":"Paracetamol use during pregnancy\u2014a call for precautionary action","volume":"17","author":"Bauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115741","article-title":"The influence of industry-related air pollution on birth outcomes in an industrialized area","volume":"269","author":"Bergstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0006","article-title":"Ovarian aging: mechanisms and clinical consequences","volume":"30","author":"Broekmans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105057","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and exposure to phthalates and bisphenols in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2014","volume":"131","author":"Buckley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Intl"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10071443","article-title":"Presence of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in food contact materials (FCM) and its migration to food","volume":"10","author":"Carnero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0915","article-title":"Physiological androgen insensitivity of the fetal, neonatal, and early infantile testis is explained by the ontogeny of the androgen receptor expression in Sertoli cells","volume":"93","author":"Chemes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy123","article-title":"Maternal dietary patterns and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.226563","article-title":"Intake of fruits and vegetables with low-to-moderate pesticide residues is positively associated with semen quality parameters among young healthy men","volume":"146","author":"Chiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.09.002","article-title":"The contribution of diet to total bisphenol A body burden in humans: results of a 48 hour fasting study","volume":"50","author":"Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.02.001","article-title":"Obesity or diet? Levels and determinants of phthalate body burden\u2014a case study on Portuguese children","volume":"221","author":"Correia-Sa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hygiene Environ Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae025","article-title":"Anogenital distance in a cohort of 169 infant boys with uni- or bilateral cryptorchidism including 18 boys with vanishing testes","volume":"39","author":"Cortes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez157","article-title":"Adherence to diet quality indices in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones in young men","volume":"34","author":"Cutillas-Tolin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4057","article-title":"Anogenital distance or digit length ratio as measures of fetal androgen exposure: relationship to male reproductive development and its disorders","volume":"98","author":"Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2018.1505354","article-title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of human and animal evidence of prenatal diethylhexyl phthalate exposure and changes in male anogenital distance","volume":"21","author":"Dorman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00392-8","article-title":"Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis","volume":"32","author":"Edwards","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-017-0099-7","article-title":"Environmental chemicals and preterm birth: biological mechanisms and the state of science","volume":"4","author":"Ferguson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3699","article-title":"Environmental phthalate exposure and preterm birth","volume":"168","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa045","article-title":"Maternal serum concentrations of bisphenol A and propyl paraben in early pregnancy are associated with male infant genital development","volume":"35","author":"Fisher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.046","article-title":"Placental insufficiency in early gestation is associated with hypospadias","volume":"43","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu081","article-title":"A short-term in vivo screen using fetal testosterone production, a key event in the phthalate adverse outcome pathway, to predict disruption of sexual differentiation","volume":"140","author":"Furr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.05.008","article-title":"Empirical analyses of the influence of diet on human concentrations of persistent organic pollutants: a systematic review of all studies conducted in Spain","volume":"37","author":"Gasull","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1014","article-title":"Endocrine disruption in human fetal testis explants by individual and combined exposures to selected pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and environmental pollutants","volume":"125","author":"Gaudriault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165655","article-title":"Critical review on the presence of phthalates in food and evidence of their biological impact","volume":"17","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey079","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy fast food and fruit intake is associated with time to pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Grieger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex047","article-title":"Analgesia use in pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Gurney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10285","article-title":"Maternal exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and male reproductive function in young adulthood: combined exposure to seven PFAS","volume":"130","author":"H\u00e6rvig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4325","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders, diseases, and costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union","volume":"100","author":"Hauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161914","article-title":"Maternal phthalate exposure during pregnancy and testis function of young adult sons","volume":"871","author":"Henriksen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science Total Environ"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11766","article-title":"Medications as a potential source of exposure to phthalates in the U.S. population","volume":"117","author":"Hernandez-Diaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa089","article-title":"Use of e-cigarettes associated with lower sperm counts in a cross-sectional study of young men from the general population","volume":"35","author":"Holmboe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071761","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1071761","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to phenols and benzophenones in relation to markers of male reproductive function in adulthood","volume":"13","author":"Holmboe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2307","article-title":"Effects of exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen on fetal germ cell development in both sexes in rodent and human using multiple experimental systems","volume":"126","author":"Hurtado-Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr421","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in a cohort of 934,538 Danish boys: the role of birth weight, gestational age, body dimensions, and fetal growth","volume":"175","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.042432","article-title":"High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population","volume":"97","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq007","article-title":"Caffeine intake and semen quality in a population of 2,554 young Danish men","volume":"171","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988315627139","article-title":"Dietary patterns and their relationship with semen quality","volume":"12","author":"Jurewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.879734","article-title":"Maternal use of 5-aminosalicylates in early pregnancy and congenital malformation risk in offspring","volume":"49","author":"Kallen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-017-0091-y","article-title":"Systematic literature review of reproductive outcome associated with residential proximity to polluted sites","volume":"16","author":"Kihal-Talantikite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz004","article-title":"Effect of environmental and pharmaceutical exposures on fetal testis development and function: a systematic review of human experimental data","volume":"25","author":"Kilcoyne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1924","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320735111","article-title":"Fetal programming of adult Leydig cell function by androgenic effects on stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"111","author":"Kilcoyne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.12.002","article-title":"Identifying sources of phthalate exposure with human biomonitoring: results of a 48h fasting study with urine collection and personal activity patterns","volume":"216","author":"Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa378","article-title":"Time and spatial trends of operated cryptorchidism in France and environmental hypotheses: a nationwide study from 2002 to 2014","volume":"36","author":"Le Moal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx022","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"23","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004365","article-title":"Medication use in pregnancy: a cross-sectional, multinational web-based study","volume":"4","author":"Lupattelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B49","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and exposure to persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals in two European birth cohorts","volume":"10","author":"Marks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Adv"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep200","article-title":"Effect of fetal or neonatal exposure to monobutyl phthalate (MBP) on testicular development and function in the marmoset","volume":"24","author":"McKinnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1118","article-title":"Effects of bisphenol A on male and couple reproductive health: a review","volume":"106","author":"Minguez-Alarcon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0263-z","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to antifungal medication may change anogenital distance in male offspring: a preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Mogensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12863","article-title":"Short anogenital distance is associated with testicular germ cell tumour development","volume":"8","author":"Moreno-Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1921610","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.21610","article-title":"Association of dietary patterns with testicular function in young Danish men","volume":"3","author":"Nassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab179","article-title":"Association between intake of soft drinks and testicular function in young men","volume":"36","author":"Nassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz200","article-title":"In utero exposure to persistent and nonpersistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals and anogenital distance. A systematic review of epidemiological studies","volume":"102","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2015.04.006","article-title":"Androgen receptor roles in spermatogenesis and infertility","volume":"29","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Practice Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000002","article-title":"Alternative (backdoor) androgen production and masculinization in the human fetus","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz029","article-title":"Dietary predictors of phthalate and bisphenol exposures in pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"Pacyga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.03.047","article-title":"Maternal diet, prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds and birth outcomes in a European prospective mother-child study (NewGeneris)","volume":"484","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30309","article-title":"We don\u2019t know what we don\u2019t study: the case for research on medication effects in pregnancy","volume":"157","author":"Parisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-85","article-title":"Spatiotemporal association between birth outcomes and coke production and steel making facilities in Alabama, USA: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Porter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv338","article-title":"Is sedentary lifestyle associated with testicular function? A cross-sectional study of 1,210 men","volume":"184","author":"Priskorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.029","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and male reproductive outcomes: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence","volume":"121","author":"Radke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.11.010","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in women with inflammatory bowel disease following exposure to 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Rahimi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmk006","article-title":"Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ: genetic and environmental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Rajpert-De Meyts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy037","article-title":"The impact of periconceptual maternal lifestyle on clinical features and biomarkers of placental development and function: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Reijnders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003170","article-title":"Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexy) phthalate exposure: findings from a dietary intervention","volume":"119","author":"Rudel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110575","article-title":"Occurrence of bisphenol A and its analogues in some foodstuff marketed in Europe","volume":"131","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2350-5","article-title":"Anogenital distance as a toxicological or clinical marker for fetal androgen action and risk for reproductive disorders","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0016","article-title":"Steroidogenesis in the fetal testis and its susceptibility to disruption by exogenous compounds","volume":"30","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-43","article-title":"Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data","volume":"13","author":"Serrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.50","article-title":"Sperm counts and fertility in men: a rocky road ahead","volume":"13","author":"Sharpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200200","article-title":"Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human-rodent differences","volume":"48","author":"Sharpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250769","article-title":"Proliferation and functional maturation of Sertoli cells and their relevance to disorders of testis function in adulthood","volume":"125","author":"Sharpe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4167","article-title":"The downside of \u2018inappropriate messaging\u2019: new insight into the development of testicular germ cell tumours in young men?","volume":"229","author":"Sharpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects","volume":"89","author":"Sharpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00598-8","article-title":"Environmental factors in declining human fertility","volume":"18","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility","volume":"96","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects","volume":"16","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17535.1","article-title":"Medicines in pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Stock","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.055","article-title":"Maternal exposure to bisphenol A and anogenital distance throughout infancy: a longitudinal study from Shanghai, China","volume":"121","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884704","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.884704","article-title":"Maternal paracetamol intake during pregnancy\u2014impacts on offspring reproductive development","volume":"4","author":"Tadokoro-Cuccaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des264","article-title":"Metformin exposure affects human and mouse fetal testicular cells","volume":"27","author":"Tartarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000872","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1000872","article-title":"Hypothesis: metformin is a potential reproductive toxicant","volume":"13","author":"Tavlo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2016.13.59","article-title":"Metformin treatment does not affect testicular size in offspring born to mothers with gestational diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Tertti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac142","article-title":"Exposure to corticosteroids in the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of urogenital congenital anomalies","volume":"37","author":"Thalluri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s4741","article-title":"Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens","volume":"104","author":"Toppari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac079","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and male reproductive health","volume":"37","author":"T\u00f8ttenborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1087","article-title":"Hypospadias, intrauterine growth restriction, and abnormalities of the placenta","volume":"110","author":"Toufaily","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B91","first-page":"e91204","article-title":"Experimentally induced testicular dysgenesis syndrome originates in the Masculinization Programming Window","volume":"2","author":"van den Driesche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest Insight"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.029","article-title":"Dietary sources of cumulative phthalates exposure among the U.S. general population in NHANES 2005-2014","volume":"115","author":"Varshavsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00591-0","article-title":"Reducing exposure to high levels of perfluorinated compounds in drinking water improves reproductive outcomes: evidence from an intervention in Minnesota","volume":"19","author":"Waterfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34241","article-title":"Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism","volume":"118","author":"Welsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048092","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048092","article-title":"Maternal over-the-counter analgesics use during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: cohort study of 151141 singleton pregnancies","volume":"12","author":"Zafeiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.026","article-title":"The role of exposure to phthalates in variations of anogenital distance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"247","author":"Zarean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2024090414363385200_deae143-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510803","article-title":"Recent fast food consumption and bisphenol A and phthalates exposures among the U.S. population in NHANES, 2003-2010","volume":"124","author":"Zola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/39\/9\/1879\/59018361\/deae143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/39\/9\/1879\/59018361\/deae143.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T08:39:25Z","timestamp":1725525565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article\/39\/9\/1879\/7699900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deae143","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1161","1460-2350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}