{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:49:17Z","timestamp":1789390157950,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV009639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV009639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HD107172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HD107172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n Does the prevalence of 12-month infertility in Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Kenya, and Uganda differ between women trying to conceive and the broader population of women exposed to unprotected sex, and how are prevalence estimates affected by model assumptions and adjustments?<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n Estimates of 12-month infertility among tryers ranged from 8% in Burkina Faso to 30% in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, increasing substantially among a larger population of women exposed to unprotected intercourse.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n While having a child is a fundamental human experience, the extent to which women and couples experience infertility is a neglected area of research, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Existing estimates of infertility in this region vary widely from 2% to 32%, however, potential impacts of variability in study populations and model assumptions have not been well-examined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n We used cross-sectional nationally representative survey data from Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Kenya, and Uganda. We employed a multi-stage cluster random sampling design with probability proportional to the size selection of clusters within each country to produce representative samples of women aged 15\u201349. Samples ranged from 3864 in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire to 9489 in Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n We created two analytic samples in each country\u2014tryers and a broader sample of women exposed to unprotected sex\u2014exploring differences in population characteristics and estimating the period prevalence of 12-month infertility using the current duration (CD) approach. We also examined the impact of several model assumptions within each of the two analytic samples, including adjustments for recent injectable contraceptive use, unrecognized pregnancy, infertility treatment, underreported contraceptive use, and sexual activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n Employing the CD approach among tryers produced an overall 12-month infertility prevalence of 7.9% (95% CI 6.6\u201312.7) in Burkina Faso, 29.6% (95% CI 15.3\u2013100.0) in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, 24.5% (95% CI 16.5\u201334.6) in Kenya, and 14.7% (95% CI 8.1\u201322.4) in Uganda. Results among women exposed to unprotected intercourse indicated much higher levels of infertility, ranging from 22.4% (95% CI 18.6\u201330.8) in Uganda to 63.7% (95% CI 48.8\u201387.9) in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Sensitivity analyses suggest infertility estimates are particularly sensitive to adjustments around pregnancy recognition timing and sexual activity, with little impact of adjustments for recent injectable contraceptive use, infertility treatment, and underreporting of traditional and coital dependent contraceptive use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n There was substantial digit preference in responses at 12\u2009months, particularly among the tryers, which could introduce bias. Data quality concerns in the reproductive calendar may impact the accuracy of the CD approach among the broader sample of women exposed to unprotected sex, particularly with regard to underreported contraceptive use, induced and spontaneous abortions, and unrecognized pregnancies. Lastly, we lacked information on postpartum amenorrhea or abstinence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n Understanding the inconsistencies in definition and analytic approach and their implications for infertility estimation is important for reliably monitoring population-level infertility trends, identifying factors influencing infertility, improving prevention programs, and ensuring access to quality treatment and services.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n This study was supported by grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (INV009639) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K01HD107172). The funders were not involved in the study design, analyses, manuscript writing, or the decision to publish. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T17:16:29Z","timestamp":1727716589000},"page":"2848-2860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Measuring non-events: infertility estimation using cross-sectional, population-based data from four countries in sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7650-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne O","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, 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Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Anglewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gichangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Technical University of Mombasa , Mombasa,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5475-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander C","family":"McLain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and 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