{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:22:00Z","timestamp":1787008920180,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Occitanie region"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Does a human fallopian tube (HFT) organoid model offer a favourable apical environment for human sperm survival and motility?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After differentiation, the apical compartment of a new HFT organoid model provides a favourable environment for sperm motility, which is better than commercial media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HFTs are the site of major events that are crucial for achieving an ongoing pregnancy, such as gamete survival and competence, fertilization steps, and preimplantation embryo development. In order to better understand the tubal physiology and tubal factors involved in these reproductive functions, and to improve still suboptimal in vitro conditions for gamete preparation and embryo culture during IVF, we sought to develop an HFT organoid model from isolated adult stem cells to allow spermatozoa co-culture in the apical compartment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over a 2-year period, fallopian tube tissues were collected for organoid culture purposes from 10 \u2018donor\u2019 patients undergoing bilateral salpingectomy by laparoscopy for definitive sterilization. After tissue digestion, isolated cells from the isthmus and ampulla regions were separately seeded in 3D Matrigel and cultured with conventional growth factors for organoid culture and specific factors for differentiation of the female genital tract.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HFT organoids were characterized by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and transcriptome analysis. Following simultaneous organoid culture on specific inserts, spermatozoa from five donors were placed either in control media or in the apical compartment of colon or HFT organoids (isthmus and ampulla separately) for 96\u2009h. Vitality and motility and kinematic parameters were assessed at 0, 48, and 96\u2009h on 200 spermatozoa in each condition and in duplicate and compared using the Wilcoxon test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific fallopian tube differentiation of our model was confirmed by immunofluorescence, transcriptome analysis, and electron microscopy observations that exhibited ciliated and secretory cells. We succeeded in releasing spermatozoa in the apical compartment of HFT organoids and in recovering them for sperm analysis. Sperm vitality values were similar in HFT organoids and in commercial sperm media. We demonstrated a superiority of the HFT organoid apical compartment for sperm motility compared with other controls (colon organoids, organoid culture media, and conventional commercial sperm fertilization media). At 48\u2009h of incubation, progressive sperm motility was higher in the apical compartment of HFT organoids (ampulla 31% \u00b1 17, isthmus 29% \u00b1 15) than in commercial fertilization media (15% \u00b1 15) (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) and compared with all other conditions. At 96\u2009h, progressive sperm motility was almost nil (&amp;lt;1%) in all conditions except for spermatozoa in HFT organoids (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05): 12% \u00b1 15 and 13% \u00b1 17 in ampulla and isthmus organoids, respectively. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) analysis also showed that the organoids were able to maintain significantly higher levels of kinematic parameters (curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, straight linear velocity, and amplitude of lateral movement of the head) and therefore more efficient mobility compared with commercial IVF media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LARGE SCALE DATA<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an in vitro study in which conditions of organoid culture could not exactly mimic the in vivo environment of the extracellular matrix and vascularization of fallopian tubes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work opens up perspectives for better understanding of HFT physiology. For the first time, it highlights the possibility of developing HFT organoids for reproductive purposes. In the future, it could help us to improve gamete fertilizing abilities and embryo culture conditions during human ARTs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was funded by a grant from the Occitanie region, and by financial allocations from the DEFE and IRSD research teams. The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T15:19:04Z","timestamp":1736349544000},"page":"503-517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human fallopian tube organoids provide a favourable environment for sperm motility"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4813-5532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gatimel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, H\u00f4pital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse , Toulouse,","place":["France"]},{"name":"IRSD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III\u2014Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse,","place":["France"]},{"name":"DEFE (D\u00e9veloppement Embryonnaire, Fertilit\u00e9, Environnement\u2014Embryonic Development, Fertility, Environment), UMR1203, INSERM-Universities of Toulouse and Montpellier, Paule de Viguier Hospital , Toulouse,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Toulouse Organoid Platform of IRSD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III\u2014Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEFE (D\u00e9veloppement Embryonnaire, Fertilit\u00e9, Environnement\u2014Embryonic Development, Fertility, Environment), UMR1203, INSERM-Universities of Toulouse and Montpellier, Paule de Viguier Hospital , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elo\u00efse","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEFE (D\u00e9veloppement Embryonnaire, Fertilit\u00e9, Environnement\u2014Embryonic Development, 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Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Tanguy-Le-Gac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, H\u00f4pital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Di Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, H\u00f4pital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Racaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III\u2014Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"L\u00e9andri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, H\u00f4pital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Bettiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, H\u00f4pital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse , Toulouse,","place":["France"]},{"name":"DEFE (D\u00e9veloppement Embryonnaire, Fertilit\u00e9, Environnement\u2014Embryonic Development, Fertility, Environment), UMR1203, INSERM-Universities of Toulouse and Montpellier, Paule de Viguier Hospital , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Deraison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III\u2014Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9464-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III\u2014Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Huyghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, H\u00f4pital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse , Toulouse,","place":["France"]},{"name":"DEFE (D\u00e9veloppement Embryonnaire, Fertilit\u00e9, Environnement\u2014Embryonic Development, Fertility, Environment), UMR1203, INSERM-Universities of Toulouse and Montpellier, Paule de Viguier Hospital , 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