{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T14:35:18Z","timestamp":1775572518510,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99ES026648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99ES026648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES000002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-ES009718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-ES009718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>What is the association of female and male partner marijuana smoking with infertility treatment outcomes with ART?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women who were marijuana smokers at enrollment had a significantly higher adjusted probability of pregnancy loss during infertility treatment with ART whereas, unexpectedly, there was a suggestion of more favorable treatment outcomes in couples where the man was a marijuana smoker at enrollment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on the relation of female and male partner marijuana use with outcomes of infertility treatment is scarce despite increased use and legalization worldwide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title><jats:p>We followed 421 women who underwent 730 ART cycles while participating in a prospective cohort (the Environment and Reproductive Health Study) at a fertility center between 2004 and 2017. Among them, 200 women (368\u00a0cycles) were part of a couple in which their male partner also enrolled in the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants self-reported marijuana smoking at baseline. Clinical endpoints were abstracted from electronic medical records. We used generalized linear mixed models with empirical standard errors to evaluate the association of baseline marijuana smoking with ART outcomes adjusting for participants\u2019 age, race, BMI, tobacco smoking, coffee and alcohol consumption, and cocaine use. We estimated the adjusted probability of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth per ART cycle, as well as the probability of pregnancy loss among those with a positive B-hCG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 44% of the women and 61% of the men had ever smoked marijuana; 3% and 12% were marijuana smokers at enrollment, respectively. Among 317 women (395\u00a0cycles) with a positive B-hCG, those who were marijuana smokers at enrollment (N\u2009=\u20099, cycles\u2009=\u200916) had more than double the adjusted probability of pregnancy loss than those who were past marijuana smokers or had never smoked marijuana (N\u2009=\u2009308, 379\u00a0cycles) (54% vs 26%; P\u2009=\u20090.0003). This estimate was based on sparse data. However, couples in which the male partner was a marijuana smoker at enrollment (N\u2009=\u200923, 41\u00a0cycles) had a significantly higher adjusted probability of live birth than couples in which the male partner was a past marijuana smoker or had never smoked marijuana (N=\u2009177, 327\u00a0cycles) (48% vs 29%; P\u2009=\u20090.04), independently of the women\u2019s marijuana smoking status. Treatment outcomes of past marijuana smokers, male and female, did not differ significantly from those who had never smoked marijuana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Marijuana smoking was self-reported with possible exposure misclassification. Chance findings cannot be excluded due to the small number of exposed cases. The results may not be generalizable to couples from the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Even though marijuana smoking has not been found in past studies to impact the ability to become pregnant among pregnancy planners in the general population, it may increase the risk of pregnancy loss among couples undergoing infertility treatment. Marijuana smoking by females and males may have opposing effects on outcomes of infertility treatment with ART.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title><jats:p>The project was financed by grants R01ES009718, P30ES000002, and K99ES026648 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T19:18:24Z","timestamp":1558379904000},"page":"1818-1829","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Marijuana smoking and outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Feiby L","family":"Nassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Arvizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"M\u00ednguez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey J","family":"Gaskins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paige L","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Petrozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russ","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge E","family":"Chavarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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