{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:08:42Z","timestamp":1775027322021,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>What is the early luteal phase hormonal profile in patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF\/ICSI followed by hCG trigger and a freeze-all strategy without luteal phase support?<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The peak concentration of progesterone occurred 4\u00a0days after oocyte pick-up (OPU\u2009+\u20094), with an average 35% fall from OPU\u2009+\u20094 to OPU\u2009+\u20096, and progesterone levels before and 12\u00a0h after hCG administration predicted levels during the early luteal phase.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The luteal phase during IVF differs from that during normal cycles, particularly with respect to the serum progesterone level profile. This can cause asynchrony between the embryo and the endometrium, potentially resulting in implantation failure and poor reproductive outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This prospective study included 161 women with normal ovarian reserve receiving GnRH antagonist co-treatment during ovarian stimulation with FSH who were followed up to 6\u00a0days after OPU in a single IVF cycle.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women aged 18\u201342\u00a0years undergoing IVF with ovarian stimulation using FSH were included. Ovulation was triggered with recombinant hCG 250\u00a0\u03bcg. Hormone levels were determined from blood samples taken on the day of trigger, before hCG, at 12, 24 and 36\u00a0h after hCG and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6\u00a0days after OPU. The primary endpoint was early luteal phase serum concentrations of progesterone, LH, estradiol and hCG.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One outlier with a pre-hCG serum progesterone level of 11.42\u00a0ng\/mL was excluded, so all analyses included 160 subjects. Progesterone levels began to increase 1\u00a0day after OPU, peaked 4\u00a0days after OPU (114\u00a0ng\/mL), then declined from OPU\u2009+\u20095 onwards. Peak progesterone levels were at OPU\u2009+\u20094, OPU\u2009+\u20095 or OPU\u2009+\u20096 in 38.8, 29.4 and 13.8% of patients, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of patients had a fall in serum progesterone from OPU\u2009+\u20094 to OPU\u2009+\u20096. Pre-hCG progesterone levels correlated significantly with those at 24\u00a0h after hCG (r2\u00a0=\u20090.28; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u20090.001), which in turn correlated significantly with progesterone at OPU\u2009+\u20094 (r2\u00a0=\u20090.32; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u20090.001). LH peaked (4.4\u00a0IU\/L) 12\u00a0h after hCG trigger, persisting for 24\u00a0h but was barely elevated compared with physiological levels. Serum estradiol peaked twice: at 24\u00a0h post-trigger and at OPU\u2009+\u20094. Highest hCG levels (130\u00a0mIU\/mL) occurred at 24\u00a0h post-injection. The best correlations between the number of follicles \u226511\u00a0mm and serum progesterone level were seen at 24 and 36\u00a0h after hCG and OPU\u2009+\u20091.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The influence of different profiles of serum progesterone on reproductive outcomes could not be determined because a freeze-all strategy was used in all patients. In addition, data were not available to relate serum hormone level findings with endometrial histology or endometrial receptivity analysis to clearly identify the relationship between serum hormones and the window of implantation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detailed information about early luteal phase hormone levels could be used to optimize and individualize luteal phase support to improve reproductive outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was funded by My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. All authors state that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT02798146; NCT03174691.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T19:29:05Z","timestamp":1571081345000},"page":"157-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The early luteal hormonal profile in IVF patients triggered with hCG"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Lan N","family":"Vuong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuong M","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toan D","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vu N A","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus Yding","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University 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