{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T22:31:54Z","timestamp":1787178714281,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Is Ongoing Pregnancy Rate (OPR) operator-dependent, and can experience improve embryo transfer efficiency?<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>OPR is influenced by the operators who perform the embryo transfer (ET), and experience does not assure proficiency for everyone.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ET remains the critical step in assisted reproduction. Although many other factors such as embryo quality and uterine receptivity impact embryo implantation, the proper ET technique is clearly an operator-dependent variable and as such it should be objectively standardized.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrospective comparative analysis including all fresh ETs performed between January 1996 and December 2016 at the Humanitas Fertility Center after IVF\u2014ICSI cycles.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IVF\/ICSI fresh ETs performed by 32 operators, 19\u2009824\u00a0cycles in all, were analyzed. All transfers consisting of freehand insertion of a preloaded soft catheter into the uterine cavity under transabdominal ultrasound guidance were considered. Two different statistical analyses were performed. First, a logistic regression model with a random intercept for the operator was used to estimate the heterogeneity of the rate of success among operators, accounting for woman age, FSH, number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, year of the procedure, number and stage of transferred embryos and operator\u2019s experience. Second, the relationship between experience and pregnancy rate was estimated separately for each operator by logistic regression, and operator-specific results were combined and compared in a random-effects meta-analysis. In both analyses, the operator\u2019s experience at time t was measured in terms of number of embryo transfers performed before t.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The heterogeneity among operators was highly significant (P value &amp;lt;0.001) and explained 44.5% of the total variability. The odds ratio of success of the worst operator in respect to the mean was equal to 0.84. For the best operator, the odds ratio of success was equal to 1.13 in respect to the mean. Based on the meta-analysis of the relationship between operator\u2019s experience and success rate, it resulted that, on average, the operators\u2019 performance did not improve with additional transfers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At our center, operators become independent for ET\u2019s after performing between 30 and 50 transfers under supervision. It is also possible that other relevant factors, such as embryologists on duty for the ET, have not been included in the present analysis and this may represent a potential bias. Among these, it should be mentioned that the embryologists on duty for the ET were not taken into consideration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Continued performance analysis and the use of a digital simulator could help operators to test their expertise over time and either correct poor performance or avoid doing transfers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT03561129.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T12:09:04Z","timestamp":1581336544000},"page":"275-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The human factor: does the operator performing the embryo transfer significantly impact the cycle outcome?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Patrizio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CO 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Baccini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Morenghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Ronchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Cafaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Zannoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Baggiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P E","family":"Levi-Setti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, Humanitas Clinical 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