{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:16:35Z","timestamp":1790738195788,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>Although the prognosis of childhood cancer survivors has increased dramatically during recent years, chemotherapy and radiation treatments for cancer and other conditions may lead to permanent infertility in prepubertal boys. Recent developments have shown that spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation may be a hope for restoring fertility in adult survivors of childhood cancers. For this reason, several centres around the world are collecting and cryopreserving testicular tissue or cells anticipating that, in the near future, some patients will return for SSC transplantation. This review summarizes the current knowledge and utility of SSC transplantation techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE<\/jats:title>The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the currently used experimental injection techniques for SSC transplantation in animal and human testes. This is crucial in understanding and determining the role of the different techniques necessary for successful transplantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>SEARCH METHODS<\/jats:title>A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed publications on this topic was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search was limited to English language work and studies between 1994 (from the first study on SSC transplantation) and April 2019. Key search terms included mouse, rat, boar, ram, dog, sheep, goat, cattle, monkey, human, cadaver, testes, SSC transplantation, injection and technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>OUTCOMES<\/jats:title>This review provides an extensive clinical overview of the current research in the field of human SSC transplantation. Rete testis injection with ultrasonography guidance currently seems the most promising injection technique thus far; however, the ability to draw clear conclusions is limited due to long ischemia time of cadaver testis, the relatively decreased volume of the testis, the diminishing size of seminiferous tubules, a lack of intratesticular pressure and leakage into the interstitium during the injection on human cadaver testis. Current evidence does not support improved outcomes from multiple infusions through the rete testes. Overall, further optimization is required to increase the efficiency and safety of the infusion method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>WIDER IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:title>Identifying a favourable injection method for SSC transplantation will provide insight into the mechanisms of successful assisted human reproduction. Future research could focus on reducing leakage and establishing the optimal infusion cell concentrations and pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T04:22:32Z","timestamp":1578975752000},"page":"368-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Review of injection techniques for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Gul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, 42250 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6639-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Hildorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-9641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorgen","family":"Thorup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2588-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva R","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7810-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Fuglesang S","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, 2930 Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"S\u00f8nksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, 2930 Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6852-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Cortes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-5501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Fedder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Andrology & Fertility Clinic, Department D, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Research Unit of Human Reproduction, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus Yding","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Goossens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of the Testis, Research Laboratory for Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2012.00034.x","article-title":"Rat models of post-irradiation recovery of spermatogenesis: interstrain differences","volume":"1","author":"Abuelhija","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref2","first-page":"551","article-title":"Propagation of human germ stem cells in long-term culture","volume":"11","author":"Akhondi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.053835","article-title":"Testis morphometry, duration of spermatogenesis, and spermatogenic efficiency in the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa)","volume":"75","author":"Almeida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75943","article-title":"PAX7 expression defines germline stem cells in the adult testis","volume":"124","author":"Aloisio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy038","article-title":"How can we improve oncofertility care for patients? A systematic scoping review of current international practice and models of care","volume":"25","author":"Anazodo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00039-X","article-title":"Cancer treatment and gonadal function: experimental and established strategies for fertility preservation in children and young adults","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703651","article-title":"Semen analysis following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Additional data for evidence-based counselling","volume":"30","author":"Anserini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8199-0","volume-title":"Medical Histology: A Text-Atlas with Introductory Pathology","author":"Bacon","year":"1983"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1134","article-title":"Cryopreservation of testicular tissue before long-term testicular cell culture does not alter in vitro cell dynamics","volume":"104","author":"Baert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.11","article-title":"Gonadal tissue cryopreservation in boys with paediatric cancers","volume":"14","author":"Bahadur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000095793.04232.d8","article-title":"The epidemiology of congenital cryptorchidism, testicular ascent and orchiopexy","volume":"170","author":"Barthold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1045","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided testicular sperm aspiration in azoospermic patients: a new sperm retrieval method for intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"29","author":"Belenky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0976-2","article-title":"Changes in the cohort composition of turner syndrome and severe non-diagnosis of Klinefelter, 47,XXX and 47,XYY syndrome: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Berglund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15998-9","article-title":"Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two Nordic countries","volume":"363","author":"Boisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35049-8_3","volume-title":"Boar Reproduction: Fundamentals and New Biotechnological Trends","author":"Bonet","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref16","first-page":"53","article-title":"Les canalicules testiculaires et la spermatogenese de l'Homme","volume":"62","author":"Branca","year":"1924","journal-title":"Arch Zool exp gen"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO97010","article-title":"Interspecific variation of testis size and epididymal sperm numbers in Australasian rodents with special reference to the genus","volume":"45","author":"Breed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Notomys Aust J Zool"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11303","article-title":"Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation","volume":"91","author":"Brinster","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11298","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11298","article-title":"Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation","volume":"91","author":"Brinster","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01721-0","article-title":"Isolation of germ cells from human testicular tissue for low temperature storage and autotransplantation","volume":"75","author":"Brook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701459994","article-title":"Time-dependent changes in post-mortem testis histopathology in the rat","volume":"35","author":"Bryant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.240465.114","article-title":"Functional and molecular features of the Id4+ germline stem cell population in mouse testes","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.02.040","article-title":"Targeted germline modifications in rats using CRISPR\/Cas9 and spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Chapman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20131","article-title":"Xenotransplantation, xenogeneic infections, biotechnology, and public health","volume":"76","author":"Chapman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.21","article-title":"Xeno-free culture of human spermatogonial stem cells supported by human embryonic stem cell-derived fibroblast-like cells","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2418-5","article-title":"Effect of TheraCyte-encapsulated parathyroid cells on lumbar fusion in a rat model","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat076","article-title":"Mesenchymal origin of multipotent human testis-derived stem cells in human testicular cell cultures","volume":"20","author":"Chikhovskaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.08.034","article-title":"Murine male germ cell apoptosis induced by busulfan treatment correlates with loss of c-kit-expression in a Fas\/FasL- and p53-independent manner","volume":"575","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001120103","article-title":"The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man","volume":"112","author":"Clermont","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)36120-9","article-title":"Spermatogenesis in man. A study of the spermatogonial population","volume":"17","author":"Clermont","year":"1966","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1972.52.1.198","article-title":"Kinetics of spermatogenesis in mammals: seminiferous epithelium cycle and spermatogonial renewal","volume":"52","author":"Clermont","year":"1972","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/381418a0","article-title":"Rat spermatogenesis in mouse testis","volume":"381","author":"Clouthier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx008","article-title":"Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Corona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.04.142","article-title":"Editorial comment","volume":"188","author":"Cortes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67029-0","article-title":"Quantitative histology of germ cells in the undescended testes of human fetuses, neonates and infants","volume":"154","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830050423","article-title":"Is infertility after surgery for cryptorchidism congenital or acquired?","volume":"14","author":"Cortes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809841-7.00017-4","article-title":"Chapter 17 - male reproductive system","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Toxicologic Pathology","author":"Creasy","year":"2018","edition":"Third Edition"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.6.1579","article-title":"Transplantation of germ cells from glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-overexpressing mice to host testes depleted of endogenous spermatogenesis by fractionated irradiation","volume":"66","author":"Creemers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1586\/17474086.2014.959922","article-title":"Hydroxyurea therapy contributes to infertility in adult men with sickle cell disease: a review","volume":"7","author":"DeBaun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.150284","article-title":"Spermatogonial kinetics in humans","volume":"144","author":"Di Persio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref41","volume-title":"Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans","author":"Dixson","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215390","article-title":"Xeno-free propagation of spermatogonial stem cells from infant boys","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref43","first-page":"10","article-title":"Propagation of spermatogonial stem cell-like cells from infant boys","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059431","article-title":"The niche-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) induces migration of mouse spermatogonial stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"8","author":"Dovere","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65822","article-title":"Eliminating malignant contamination from therapeutic human spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"123","author":"Dovey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091860404","article-title":"The mammalian rete testis--a morphological examination","volume":"186","author":"Dym","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref47","first-page":"788","article-title":"Neonatal Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Edlow","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmk001","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cells: questions, models and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Ehmcke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.12.007","article-title":"In search of an improved injection technique for the clinical application of spermatogonial stem cell transplantation","volume":"34","author":"Faes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.06.016","article-title":"Testicular cell transplantation into the human testes","volume":"100","author":"Faes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2018.04.009","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cells and spermatogenesis in mice, monkeys and men","volume":"29","author":"Fayomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav2914","article-title":"Autologous grafting of cryopreserved prepubertal rhesus testis produces sperm and offspring","volume":"363","author":"Fayomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2010.550796","article-title":"History of cryptorchidism and ejaculate volume as simple predictors for the presence of testicular sperm","volume":"57","author":"Fedder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew179","article-title":"Klinefelter syndrome and fertility: sperm preservation should not be offered to children with Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Franik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24189","article-title":"Transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells isolated from leukemic mice restores fertility without inducing leukemia","volume":"115","author":"Fujita","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11166","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2326","article-title":"Isolation of germ cells from leukemia and lymphoma cells in a human in vitro model: potential clinical application for restoring human fertility after anticancer therapy","volume":"66","author":"Fujita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0405-1","article-title":"An efficient method for generating a germ cell depleted animal model for studies related to spermatogonial stem cell transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Ganguli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.12.020","article-title":"Experimental methods to preserve male fertility and treat male factor infertility","volume":"105","author":"Gassei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.12.028","article-title":"Optimal culture conditions are critical for efficient expansion of human testicular somatic and germ cells in vitro","volume":"107","author":"Gat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del418","article-title":"The efficiency of magnetic-activated cell sorting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting in the decontamination of testicular cell suspensions in cancer patients","volume":"22","author":"Geens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115239","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation: insights and outlook for domestic animals","volume":"7","author":"Giassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rev Anim Biosci"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref62","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation to the testis","volume":"2017","author":"Goodyear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der334","article-title":"Mouse germ cells go through typical epigenetic modifications after intratesticular tissue grafting","volume":"26","author":"Goossens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq108","article-title":"Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis does not show genetic alterations in spermatozoa and offspring generated after spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in the mouse","volume":"25","author":"Goossens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg360","article-title":"Reproductive capacity of sperm obtained after germ cell transplantation in a mouse model","volume":"18","author":"Goossens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det039","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cell preservation and transplantation: from research to clinic","volume":"28","author":"Goossens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00212","article-title":"Klinefelter syndrome: integrating genetics, neuropsychology, and endocrinology","volume":"39","author":"Gravholt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0099-2","article-title":"The adult human testis transcriptional cell atlas","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215590822","article-title":"Expansion and long-term culture of human spermatogonial stem cells via the activation of SMAD3 and AKT pathways","volume":"240","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06274-2","article-title":"The importance of both an early orchidopexy and germ cell maturation for fertility","volume":"358","author":"Hadziselimovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)44839-7","article-title":"The significance of postnatal gonadotropin surge for testicular development in normal and cryptorchid testes","volume":"136","author":"Hadziselimovi\u0107","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.01.019","article-title":"Mouse spermatogenic stem cells continually interconvert between equipotent singly isolated and syncytial states","volume":"14","author":"Hara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0086","article-title":"Isolation, genetic manipulation, and transplantation of canine spermatogonial stem cells: progress toward transgenesis through the male germ-line","volume":"146","author":"Harkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref74","first-page":"589","article-title":"Sperm competition, testes size, and breeding systems in primates","author":"Harvey","year":"1984"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.078550","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and culture of human spermatogonia","volume":"82","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.07.017","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation into rhesus testes regenerates spermatogenesis producing functional sperm","volume":"11","author":"Hermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.026","article-title":"The mammalian spermatogenesis single-cell transcriptome, from spermatogonial stem cells to spermatids","volume":"25","author":"Hermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001480402","article-title":"Arrangement of connective tissue components in the walls of seminiferous tubules of man and monkey","volume":"148","author":"Hermo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01113.x","article-title":"A shorter interval between irradiation of recipient testis and germ cell transplantation is detrimental to recovery of fertility in rams","volume":"34","author":"Herrid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.078279","article-title":"Irradiation enhances the efficiency of testicular germ cell transplantation in sheep","volume":"81","author":"Herrid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.01125","article-title":"Successful transplantation of bovine testicular cells to heterologous recipients","volume":"132","author":"Herrid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.10.010","article-title":"Tissue perfusion-controlled guided biopsies are essential for the outcome of testicular sperm extraction","volume":"87","author":"Herwig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref83","first-page":"7","article-title":"Small tubules, surprising discoveries: from efferent ductules in the turkey to the discovery that estrogen receptor alpha is essential for fertility in the male","volume":"12","author":"Hess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.04.002","article-title":"Survivorship after childhood cancer: PanCare: a European network to promote optimal long-term care","volume":"51","author":"Hjorth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-1-107","article-title":"Understanding spermatogenesis is a prerequisite for treatment","volume":"1","author":"Holstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.018788","article-title":"Fertility and germline transmission of donor haplotype following germ cell transplantation in immunocompetent goats","volume":"69","author":"Honaramooz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.10205","article-title":"Germ cell transplantation in goats","volume":"64","author":"Honaramooz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.05032","article-title":"Depletion of endogenous germ cells in male pigs and goats in preparation for germ cell transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Honaramooz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.1.21","article-title":"Germ cell transplantation in pigs","volume":"66","author":"Honaramooz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704745","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiply transfused patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia after low-dose total body irradiation, fludarabine, and rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin","volume":"35","author":"Horan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgi003","article-title":"Spermatogenesis after cancer treatment: damage and recovery","author":"Howell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181f87c4b","article-title":"Reproductive outcomes for survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"116","author":"Hudson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000049957","article-title":"Abnormal germ cell development in cryptorchidism","volume":"55","author":"Huff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25910-9","volume-title":"Descent of the Testis","author":"Hutson","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070290604","article-title":"Structure and function of the ductuli efferentes: a review","volume":"29","author":"Ilio","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1260765","article-title":"Autologous and homologous transplantation of bovine spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"126","author":"Izadyar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der160","article-title":"Testicular recovery after irradiation differs in prepubertal and pubertal non-human primates, and can be enhanced by autologous germ cell transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Jahnukainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1147","article-title":"Semen quality and fertility in adult long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"96","author":"Jahnukainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref100","first-page":"706","article-title":"Intratesticular transplantation of testicular cells from leukemic rats causes transmission of leukemia","volume":"61","author":"Jahnukainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000156","article-title":"Testicular function and fertility preservation after treatment for haematological cancer","volume":"22","author":"Jahnukainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1975.228.2.556","article-title":"Intratubular hydrostatic pressure in testis and epididymis before and after vasectomy","volume":"228","author":"Johnson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod14.4.371","article-title":"Intratubular hydrostatic pressure in testis and epididymis before and after long-term vasectomy in the guinea pig","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/22.5.1233","article-title":"A comparative study of daily sperm production and testicular composition in humans and rats","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1987.tb02321.x","article-title":"On the morphology of the transitional zones from the rete testis into the ductuli efferentes and from the ductuli efferentes into the ductus epididymidis. Investigations on the human testis and epididymis","volume":"19","author":"Jonte","year":"1987","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2010.02.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood cancer","volume":"36","author":"Kaatsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1065-0","article-title":"Co-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells improves spermatogonial stem cell transplantation efficiency in mice","volume":"9","author":"Kadam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1420-9","article-title":"Does co-transplantation of mesenchymal and spermatogonial stem cells improve reproductive efficiency and safety in mice","volume":"10","author":"Kadam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.09.017","article-title":"Klinefelter syndrome: more than hypogonadism","volume":"86","author":"Kanakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.06.011","article-title":"Reconstitution of mouse spermatogonial stem cell niches in culture","volume":"11","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.103861","article-title":"Enrichment of mouse spermatogonial stem cells by melanoma cell adhesion molecule expression","volume":"87","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.137869","article-title":"Fertility of male germline stem cells following spermatogonial transplantation in infertile mouse models","volume":"94","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008516","article-title":"Allogeneic offspring produced by male germ line stem cell transplantation into infertile mouse testis","volume":"68","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122353","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal and development","volume":"29","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.08.002","article-title":"Homing of mouse spermatogonial stem cells to germline niche depends on \u03b21-integrin","volume":"3","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.020867","article-title":"CD9 is a surface marker on mouse and rat male germline stem cells","volume":"70","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.035659","article-title":"Genetic selection of mouse male germline stem cells in vitro: offspring from single stem cells","volume":"72","author":"Kanatsu-Shinohara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2017.05.008","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for sickle cell disease: the changing landscape","volume":"10","author":"Kassim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01549.x","article-title":"Ultrasound guided transplantation of enriched and cryopreserved spermatogonial cell suspension in goats","volume":"45","author":"Kaul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010201)91:3<613::AID-CNCR1042>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood","volume":"91","author":"Kenney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-08-0226","article-title":"Production of donor-derived sperm after spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in the dog","volume":"136","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.09.005","article-title":"Evolutionarily distinctive transcriptional and signaling programs drive human germ cell lineage specification from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"21","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7633.S2-003","article-title":"Long-term culture of human SSEA-4 positive spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs)","volume":"01","author":"Kokkinaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2325","article-title":"Boys with undescended testes: endocrine, volumetric and morphometric studies on testicular function before and after orchidopexy at nine months or three years of age","volume":"97","author":"Kollin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06175","article-title":"Bmi1 expression in long-term germ stem cells","volume":"4","author":"Komai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199912)54:4<333::AID-MRD3>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Expression of protein gene product 9.5, a neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, and its developing change in sertoli cells of mouse testis","volume":"54","author":"Kon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2017.11.011","article-title":"Human spermatogonial markers","volume":"25","author":"von Kopylow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0290","article-title":"Differential marker protein expression specifies rarefaction zone-containing human Adark spermatogonia","volume":"143","author":"Kopylow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.04.025","article-title":"Undescended testis histology correlation with adult hormone levels and semen analysis","volume":"188","author":"Kraft","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref131","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Disturbances in Male Fertility","author":"de Kretser","year":"1982"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0631767100","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cells share some, but not all, phenotypic and functional characteristics with other stem cells","volume":"100","author":"Kubota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16489","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407063101","article-title":"Growth factors essential for self-renewal and expansion of mouse spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"101","author":"Kubota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy077","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"99","author":"Kubota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20883","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of efferent ducts in wild-type and Lgr4 knock-out mice","volume":"292","author":"Lambot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/children1020166","article-title":"Preserving fertility in children and adolescents with cancer","volume":"1","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.156","article-title":"Long-term propagation of tree shrew spermatogonial stem cells in culture and successful generation of transgenic offspring","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2010.00691.x","article-title":"Long-term proliferation and characterization of human spermatogonial stem cells obtained from obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia under exogenous feeder-free culture conditions: long-term proliferation of human SSCs","volume":"43","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.10.021","article-title":"Effective production of recipient male pigs for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation by intratesticular injection with busulfan","volume":"89","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-141","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of human spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.49.2678","article-title":"Fertility preservation for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update","volume":"31","author":"Loren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2012.738762","article-title":"Modified technique for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation into the seminiferous tubules in mouse model","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.089623","article-title":"Efficient and safe recipient preparation for transplantation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells: pretreating testes with heat shock","volume":"85","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.011601","article-title":"Effects of chemotherapeutic agents for testicular cancer on rat spermatogonial stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"32","author":"Marcon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.002","article-title":"Establishing reference values for age-related spermatogonial quantity in prepubertal human testes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Masliukaite","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811837-5.00018-6","volume-title":"Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Research","author":"Maynard","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.10.010","article-title":"Basic and clinical approaches for fertility preservation and restoration in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Medrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.07.669","article-title":"Germ cell transplantation into mouse testes procedure","volume":"102","author":"Medrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1065","article-title":"Human spermatogonial stem cells display limited proliferation in vitro under mouse spermatogonial stem cell culture conditions","volume":"106","author":"Medrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.08.010","article-title":"Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis in humans","volume":"100","author":"Meistrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01413","article-title":"Haploid germ cells generated in prganotypic culture of testicular tissue from prepubertal boys","volume":"9","author":"de Michele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)36787-5","article-title":"Chromatin-positive Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. A quantitative analysis of spermatogonial deficiency at 3, 4, and 12 months of age","volume":"19","author":"Mikamo","year":"1968","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00651.x","article-title":"Transplantation of normal boar testicular cells resulted in complete focal spermatogenesis in a boar affected by the immotile short-tail sperm defect","volume":"41","author":"Mikkola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2010.01135.x","article-title":"Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor on proliferation and short-term culture of human spermatogonial stem cells: isolation and proliferation of hSSCs","volume":"44","author":"Mirzapour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90037-1","article-title":"Ejaculate quality, testes size and sperm competition in primates","volume":"17","author":"Moller","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.6.1429","article-title":"Pattern and kinetics of mouse donor spermatogonial stem cell colonization in recipient testes","volume":"60","author":"Nagano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01318.x","article-title":"Spermatogonial transplantation and reconstitution of donor cell spermatogenesis in recipient mice","volume":"106","author":"Nagano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.5.1409","article-title":"Primate spermatogonial stem cells colonize mouse testes","volume":"64","author":"Nagano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.016352","article-title":"Homing efficiency and proliferation kinetics of male germ line stem cells following transplantation in mice1","volume":"69","author":"Nagano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.12.028","article-title":"Sperm retrieval in adolescents and young adults with Klinefelter syndrome: A prospective, pilot study","volume":"170","author":"Nahata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12375","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure of seminiferous tubules in the adult mouse","volume":"227","author":"Nakata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.08.023","article-title":"In search of an efficient injection technique for future clinical application of spermatogonial stem cell transplantation: infusion of contrast dyes in isolated cadaveric human testes","volume":"98","author":"Ning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.06.035","article-title":"In vitro colonization of human spermatogonia stem cells: effect of patient\u2019s clinical characteristics and testicular histologic findings","volume":"78","author":"Nowroozi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref164","first-page":"133","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cell biology in the bull: development of isolation, culture, and transplantation methodologies and their potential impacts on cattle production","volume":"67","author":"Oatley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1071\/RD17418","article-title":"Recent advances for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in livestock","volume":"30","author":"Oatley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref166","first-page":"111","article-title":"Transplantation of testis germinal cells into mouse seminiferous tubules","volume":"41","author":"Ogawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/71496","article-title":"Transplantation of male germ line stem cells restores fertility in infertile mice","volume":"6","author":"Ogawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1054\/tice.1999.0060","article-title":"Recipient preparation is critical for spermatogonial transplantation in the rat","volume":"31","author":"Ogawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-1606(03)00111-8","article-title":"Identification and characterization of stem cells in prepubertal spermatogenesis in mice","volume":"258","author":"Ohbo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.67.285","article-title":"Spatial analysis of germ stem cell development in Oct-4\/EGFP transgenic mice","volume":"67","author":"Ohmura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Histol Cytol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.015","article-title":"Clinical, genetic, biochemical, and testicular biopsy findings among 1,213 men evaluated for infertility","volume":"107","author":"Olesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw029","article-title":"Cryopreservation of testicular tissue or testicular cell suspensions: a pivotal step in fertility preservation","volume":"22","author":"Onofre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.010","article-title":"Hormonal control of germ cell development and spermatogenesis","volume":"29","author":"O'Shaughnessy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref174","first-page":"535","article-title":"Morphological and histometric study of human spermatogonia from birth to the onset of puberty","volume":"139","author":"Paniagua","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0770669","article-title":"Quantitative differences between variants of A spermatogonia in man","volume":"77","author":"Paniagua","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01788.x","article-title":"Histological evidences suggest recommending orchiopexy within the first year of life for children with unilateral inguinal cryptorchid testis","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.271783.115","article-title":"High telomerase is a hallmark of undifferentiated spermatogonia and is required for maintenance of male germline stem cells","volume":"29","author":"Pech","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317709539","article-title":"Testicular fibrous hypoplasia in cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis): An incidental, congenital lesion","volume":"45","author":"Pereira Bacares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22281","article-title":"Why primate models matter","volume":"76","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev190","article-title":"A European perspective on testicular tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation in prepubertal and adolescent boys","volume":"30","author":"Picton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S002187820100838X","article-title":"Morphological and histochemical characteristics of the lamina propria in scrotal and abdominal testes from postpubertal boars: correlation with the appearance of the seminiferous epithelium","volume":"199","author":"Pinart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref182","first-page":"6","article-title":"In vitro culture of human testicular stem cells on feeder-free condition","author":"Piravar","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3083","article-title":"Preliminary results of a prospective study of testicular sperm extraction in young versus adult patients with nonmosaic 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Plotton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref184","first-page":"241","article-title":"Histological and ultrastructural analysis of the seminiferous tubule wall in ageing testis","volume":"52","author":"Pop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1071\/RD14290","article-title":"Testicular injection of busulfan for recipient preparation in transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells in mice","volume":"28","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148388","article-title":"Testicular busulfan injection in mice to prepare recipients for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation is safe and non-toxic","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref187","first-page":"21","article-title":"Restoration of fertility after treatment for cancer","volume":"59","author":"Radford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7215.935","article-title":"Fertility after treatment for cancer. Questions remain over ways of preserving ovarian and testicular tissue","volume":"319","author":"Radford","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001490407","article-title":"Fine structure of the monkey epididymis","volume":"149","author":"Ramos","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-595X(82)80008-X","article-title":"The sexual development of boys with the chromosome constitution 47,XXY Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.03.039","article-title":"Isolation and transplantation of spermatogonia in sheep","volume":"66","author":"Rodriguez-Sosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12067","article-title":"Age and markers of Leydig cell function, but not of Sertoli cell function predict the success of sperm retrieval in adolescents and adults with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Rohayem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.146571","article-title":"The nature and dynamics of spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"144","author":"de Rooij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000930202","article-title":"Quantitative studies on human spermatogenesis. I. Spermatogonia","volume":"93","author":"Roosen-Runge","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209130","article-title":"The human rete testis","volume":"189","author":"Roosen-Runge","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-0176","article-title":"Spermatogenesis in long-term survivors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with age, time interval since transplantation, and apparently absence of chronic GvHD","volume":"108","author":"Rov\u00f3","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00331837","article-title":"The ultrastructure of four types of human spermatogonia","volume":"112","author":"Rowley","year":"1971","journal-title":"Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2003.07.010","article-title":"Stem cell and niche development in the postnatal rat testis","volume":"263","author":"Ryu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0580","article-title":"Effects of aging and niche microenvironment on spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal","volume":"24","author":"Ryu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172645","article-title":"The RNA-binding protein NANOS2 is required to maintain murine spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"325","author":"Sada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.791","article-title":"In vitro propagation of human prepubertal spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"305","author":"Sadri-Ardekani","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.01.014","article-title":"Eliminating acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells from human testicular cell cultures: a pilot study","volume":"101","author":"Sadri-Ardekani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1689","article-title":"Propagation of human spermatogonial stem cells in vitro","volume":"302","author":"Sadri-Ardekani","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1990.tb01045.x","article-title":"A morphological study of the efferent ducts of the human epididymis","volume":"13","author":"Saitoh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.05.011","article-title":"Genome editing in mouse spermatogonial stem cell lines using TALEN and double-nicking CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"5","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.1.55","article-title":"Germ cell transplantation into X-irradiated monkey testes","volume":"17","author":"Schlatt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.144","article-title":"Germ cell transfer into rat, bovine, monkey and human testes","volume":"14","author":"Schlatt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1978.tb03038.x","article-title":"Light and electron microscope studies of the morphology of A spermatogonia in men with normal spermatogenesis and in patients treated with antiandrogens","volume":"10","author":"Schulze","year":"1978","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz006","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cells: updates from specification to clinical relevance","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00126.x","article-title":"Hormone suppression with GnRH antagonist promotes spermatogenic recovery from transplanted spermatogonial stem cells in irradiated cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"1","author":"Shetty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5504","article-title":"beta1- and alpha6-integrin are surface markers on mouse spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"96","author":"Shinohara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9655","article-title":"Functional analysis of spermatogonial stem cells in steel and cryptorchid infertile mouse models","volume":"220","author":"Shinohara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13624","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604205103","article-title":"Rats produced by interspecies spermatogonial transplantation in mice and in vitro microinsemination","volume":"103","author":"Shinohara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.15.8346","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cell enrichment by multiparameter selection of mouse testis cells","volume":"97","author":"Shinohara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6186","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111158198","article-title":"Remodeling of the postnatal mouse testis is accompanied by dramatic changes in stem cell number and niche accessibility","volume":"98","author":"Shinohara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0043","article-title":"Anatomical basis for cell transplantation into mouse seminiferous tubules","volume":"144","author":"Silv\u00e1n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0570001","article-title":"Ultrastructural evidence for phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the bovine rete testis and testicular straight tubules","volume":"57","author":"Sinowatz","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2014-0045","article-title":"Testicular niche required for human spermatogonial stem cell expansion: niche for human Spermatogonial expansion","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.045","article-title":"The neonatal and adult human testis defined at the single-cell level","volume":"26","author":"Sohni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1071\/RD08130","article-title":"Microsatellite detection of donor-derived sperm DNA following germ cell transplantation in cattle","volume":"21","author":"Stockwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2013.09.012","article-title":"Transplanted germ cells persist long-term in irradiated ram testes","volume":"142","author":"Stockwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070290603","article-title":"Morphological characteristics of boar efferent ductules and epididymal duct","volume":"29","author":"Stoffel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802973-2.00018-5","article-title":"Sickle cell disease","volume":"138","author":"Strouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey240","article-title":"Spermatogonial quantity in human prepubertal testicular tissue collected for fertility preservation prior to potentially sterilizing therapy","volume":"33","author":"Stukenborg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.08.011","article-title":"Rac mediates mouse spermatogonial stem cell homing to germline niches by regulating transmigration through the blood-testis barrier","volume":"9","author":"Takashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2018.03.006","article-title":"Culture and transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"29","author":"Takashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.01.010","article-title":"Human spermatogonial stem cells scrutinized under the single-cell magnifying glass","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.04.032","article-title":"Age at orchiopexy and testis palpability predict germ and Leydig cell loss: clinical predictors of adverse histological features of cryptorchidism","volume":"182","author":"Tasian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(93)90159-D","article-title":"A quantitative study of spermatogonial multiplication and stem cell renewal in the C3H\/101 F1 hybrid mouse","volume":"290","author":"Tegelenbosch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00299","article-title":"Selecting infants with cryptorchidism and high risk of infertility for optional adjuvant hormonal therapy and cryopreservation of germ cells: experience from a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Thorup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.01.058","article-title":"The relation between adult dark spermatogonia and other parameters of fertility potential in cryptorchid testes","volume":"190","author":"Thorup","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.053181","article-title":"CDH1 is a specific marker for undifferentiated spermatogonia in mouse testes","volume":"76","author":"Tokuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60495-5","article-title":"Fertility preservation in men with cancer","volume":"384","author":"Tournaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref236","volume-title":"Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse","author":"Treuting","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-007-9037-1","article-title":"Understanding hereditary diseases using the dog and human as companion model systems","volume":"18","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez043","article-title":"Testicular tissue cryopreservation: 8 years of experience from a coordinated network of academic centers","volume":"34","author":"Valli-Pulaski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.100","article-title":"regeneration of spermatogenesis by grafting testicular tissue or injecting testicular cells into the testes of sterile mice: a comparative study","volume":"91","author":"Van Saen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey094","article-title":"When does germ cell loss and fibrosis occur in patients with Klinefelter syndrome?","volume":"33","author":"Van Saen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.05.014","article-title":"Prospective study of histological and endocrine parameters of gonadal function in boys with cryptorchidism","volume":"12","author":"Verkauskas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70092-9","article-title":"Fertility preservation for young patients with cancer: who is at risk and what can be offered","volume":"6","author":"Wallace","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846542.ch6","article-title":"Male reproductive ageing: using the brown Norway rat as a model for man","volume":"242","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Novartis Found Symp"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.08.007","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals sequential cell fate transition during human spermatogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21219","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30909-4","article-title":"Estimating the total incidence of global childhood cancer: a simulation-based analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30273-6","article-title":"Global childhood cancer survival estimates and priority-setting: a simulation-based analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.12.018","article-title":"Intracompartmental pressure as a predictor of intratesticular blood flow: a rat model","volume":"193","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031725","article-title":"Klinefelter syndrome in adolescence: onset of puberty is associated with accelerated germ cell depletion","volume":"89","author":"Wikstr\u00f6m","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.09.002","article-title":"Are rats more human than mice?","volume":"224","author":"Wildner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001650103","article-title":"Morphometric studies on rat seminiferous tubules","volume":"165","author":"Wing","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref252","first-page":"99","article-title":"Mammalian spermatogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Wistuba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Func Dev Embryol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des077","article-title":"Fertile offspring derived from mouse spermatogonial stem cells cryopreserved for more than 14 years","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912432106","article-title":"Prepubertal human spermatogonia and mouse gonocytes share conserved gene expression of germline stem cell regulatory molecules","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1818","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.182","article-title":"AIP1-mediated actin disassembly is required for postnatal germ cell migration and spermatogonial stem cell niche establishment","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.01.036","article-title":"Neurogenin3 delineates the earliest stages of spermatogenesis in the mouse testis","volume":"269","author":"Yoshida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.104422","article-title":"Viral transduction of male germline stem cells results in transgene transmission after germ cell transplantation in pigs","volume":"88","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13151","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150813151","article-title":"Potential spermatogenesis recovery with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in an azoospermic rat model","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.05179","article-title":"Irradiated mouse testes efficiently support spermatogenesis derived from donor germ cells of mice and rats","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu232","article-title":"Quantitative detection of human spermatogonia for optimization of spermatogonial stem cell culture","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020041610554674000_ref262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der357","article-title":"The efficiency of male fertility restoration is dependent on the recovery kinetics of spermatogonial stem cells after cytotoxic treatment with busulfan in mice","volume":"27","author":"Zohni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction Update"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article-pdf\/26\/3\/368\/33050934\/dmaa003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article-pdf\/26\/3\/368\/33050934\/dmaa003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T02:16:04Z","timestamp":1695608164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article\/26\/3\/368\/5803250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"references-count":257,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-4786","1460-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-4786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]}}}