{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:25:13Z","timestamp":1792794313042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":236,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Bioengineering in Reproductive Health"},{"name":"Scranton Enterprises B.V. Funding support for A.V. comes from Plataforma de Proteomica, Genotipado y L\u00edneas Celulares","award":["PT17\/0019\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT17\/0019\/0015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"AGAUR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017 SGR 513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CERCA Programme\/Generalitat de Catalunya and \u2018Catedra d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 en Obstetricia i Ginecologia\u2019 of Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052g8jq94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The embryo implantation process is crucial for the correct establishment and progress of pregnancy. During implantation, the blastocyst trophectoderm cells attach to the epithelium of the endometrium, triggering intense cell-to-cell crosstalk that leads to trophoblast outgrowth, invasion of the endometrial tissue, and formation of the placenta. However, this process, which is vital for embryo and foetal development in utero, is still elusive to experimentation because of its inaccessibility. Experimental implantation is cumbersome and impractical in adult animal models and is inconceivable in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of custom experimental solutions have been proposed to recreate different stages of the implantation process in vitro, by combining a human embryo (or a human embryo surrogate) and endometrial cells (or a surrogate for the endometrial tissue). In vitro models allow rapid high-throughput interrogation of embryos and cells, and efficient screening of molecules, such as cytokines, drugs, or transcription factors, that control embryo implantation and the receptivity of the endometrium. However, the broad selection of available in vitro systems makes it complicated to decide which system best fits the needs of a specific experiment or scientific question. To orient the reader, this review will explore the experimental options proposed in the literature, and classify them into amenable categories based on the embryo\/cell pairs employed.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The goal is to give an overview of the tools available to study the complex process of human embryo implantation, and explain the differences between them, including the advantages and disadvantages of each system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SEARCH METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to come up with different categories that mimic the different stages of embryo implantation in vitro, ranging from initial blastocyst apposition to later stages of trophoblast invasion or gastrulation. We will also review recent breakthrough advances on stem cells and organoids, assembling embryo-like structures and endometrial tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OUTCOMES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We highlight the most relevant systems and describe the most significant experiments. We focus on in vitro systems that have contributed to the study of human reproduction by discovering molecules that control implantation, including hormones, signalling molecules, transcription factors and cytokines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The momentum of this field is growing thanks to the use of stem cells to build embryo-like structures and endometrial tissues, and the use of bioengineering to extend the life of embryos in culture. We propose to merge bioengineering methods derived from the fields of stem cells and reproduction to develop new systems covering a wider window of the implantation process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1604589472000},"page":"501-530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Embryo implantation in the laboratory: an update on current techniques"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9562-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Ojosnegros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering in Reproductive Health, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Seriola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering in Reproductive Health, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie L","family":"Godeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering in Reproductive Health, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B arcelona Stem Cell Bank, Regenerative Medicine Programme, Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Service, Dexeus Mujer, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042605535415400_dmaa054-B1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Expression of adhesion and extracellular matrix genes in human blastocysts upon attachment in a 2D co-culture system","volume":"24","author":"Aberkane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2021042605535415400_dmaa054-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq185","article-title":"Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 decreases the attachment of human trophoblast cells to endometrial cells in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Aboussahoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum 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