{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:01:40Z","timestamp":1791925300437,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Borne Foundation PhD"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uterine natural killer cells (uNK) are the most abundant lymphocytes found in the decidua during implantation and in first trimester pregnancy. They are important for early placental development, especially trophoblast invasion and transformation of the spiral arteries. However, inappropriate uNK function has been implicated in reproductive failure, such as recurrent miscarriage (RM) or recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Previous studies have mainly focussed on peripheral NK cells (pNK), despite the well-documented differences in pNK and uNK phenotype and function. In recent years, there has been an explosion of studies conducted on uNK, providing a more suitable representation of the immune environment at the maternal\u2013foetal interface. Here, we summarize the evidence from studies published on uNK in women with RM\/RIF compared with controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis are to evaluate: differences in uNK level in women with RM\/RIF compared with controls; pregnancy outcome in women with RM\/RIF stratified by high and normal uNK levels; correlation between uNK and pNK in women with RM\/RIF; and differences in uNK activity in women with RM\/RIF compared with controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SEARCH METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Trials Registry were searched from inception up to December 2020 and studies were selected in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were performed for uNK level, pregnancy outcome and uNK\/pNK correlation. Narrative synthesis was conducted for uNK activity. Risk of bias was assessed by ROBINS-I and publication bias by Egger\u2019s test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>OUTCOMES<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our initial search yielded 4636 articles, of which 60 articles were included in our systematic review. Meta-analysis of CD56+ uNK level in women with RM compared with controls showed significantly higher levels in women with RM in subgroup analysis of endometrial samples (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.49, CI 0.08, 0.90; P\u2009=\u20090.02; I2 88%; 1100 women). Meta-analysis of CD56+ uNK level in endometrium of women with RIF compared with controls showed significantly higher levels in women with RIF (SMD 0.49, CI 0.01, 0.98; P\u2009=\u20090.046; I2 84%; 604 women). There was no difference in pregnancy outcome in women with RM\/RIF stratified by uNK level, and no significant correlation between pNK and uNK levels in women with RM\/RIF. There was wide variation in studies conducted on uNK activity, which can be broadly divided into regulation and receptors, uNK cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion and effect of uNK on angiogenesis. These studies were largely equivocal in their results on cytokine secretion, but most studies found lower expression of inhibitory receptors and increased expression of angiogenic factors in women with RM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observation of significantly increased uNK level in endometrium of women with RM and RIF may point to an underlying disturbance of the immune milieu culminating in implantation and\/or placentation failure. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology. The evidence for measuring pNK as an indicator of uNK behaviour is sparse, and of limited clinical use. Measurement of uNK level\/activity may be more useful as a diagnostic tool, however, a standardized reference range must be established before this can be of clinical use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T20:19:16Z","timestamp":1643228356000},"page":"548-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Number and function of uterine natural killer cells in recurrent miscarriage and implantation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ee","family":"Von Woon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Developmental Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, UK"},{"name":"The Fertility Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orene","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Developmental Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishel","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Developmental Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fertility Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Developmental Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Male","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Developmental Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, 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