{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T17:17:31Z","timestamp":1794071851664,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1139509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1139509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2019934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2019934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2036366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2036366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1198172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1198172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male fertility investigation is currently limited to semen analysis. However, the origins of abnormal sperm parameters are not well-understood, and normal sperm do not assure fertility in men. Improved pathophysiological and prognostic insight might be achieved utilising additional measures of male reproductive tract function. Cytokine and chemokine levels in seminal plasma (SP) may be relevant, but evidence on their clinical significance is unclear. The utility of measuring SP cytokines remains uncertain, and no consensus exists on which cytokines are most informative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between fertility status and concentration of seminal plasma cytokines in men. The sixth edition of the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen raises the prospect of evaluating cytokines in SP as part of an extended examination. We performed a systematic search and meta-analysis to assess whether the current literature is sufficient to identify cytokines present in human SP that exhibit a relationship with fertility status in men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SEARCH METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase from inception until April 2025, using keywords pertaining to seminal fluid and cytokines, restricted to humans and the English language. Original data with values reported as concentration of cytokines in SP of men clearly defined as infertile, compared to a discernible population of fertile\/normozoospermic healthy control men, were included. A total of 5737 studies were identified, with 2737 duplicates removed. Title and abstract screening were performed for 3000 studies, then 291 studies underwent full-text screening, and 68 studies progressed to quality assessment using the NHLBI-NIH quality assessment tool and 52 studies underwent data extraction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OUTCOMES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 52 research articles published from 1993 to 2025 that quantified at least one cytokine in the seminal plasma of 8153 men, after 19 studies of poor quality and\/or containing serious flaws were excluded. Data on 30 cytokines in the SP of healthy control and infertile men were extracted and included in narrative synthesis. Compared to fertile controls, infertile men had elevated concentrations of IL6 (SMD 0.39, 95% CI; 0.14\u20130.64, I2 = 80.7%), TNFA (SMD 0.13, 95% CI; 0.00\u20130.25, I2 = 4.3%), and CXCL8 (SMD 0.24, 95% CI; 0.06\u20130.43, I2 = 0.0%) in seminal plasma. IL6 reported a high degree of heterogeneity between studies, whilst CXCL8 and TNFA reported low heterogeneity. No significant moderator effects due to study quality or composition of the control cohort were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With one in six couples experiencing infertility worldwide and a male factor identified as a primary or contributing cause in up to 50% of cases, there is a strong imperative to develop a better understanding of the pathophysiology of male infertility. This analysis identifies an association between infertility and elevated SP IL6, CXCL8, and TNFA, but whether these pro-inflammatory cytokines reflect events affecting fertility or are simply markers of transient inflammation and\/or cofactors of fertility status remains to be determined. Greater precision in quantifying seminal plasma cytokines will be attained, and additional informative cytokines may be identified, by utilising standardised technical approaches in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42023398438.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmag003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:42:31Z","timestamp":1769604151000},"page":"381-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seminal plasma cytokines in fertile versus infertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5305-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah E","family":"Lyons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8810-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina N","family":"Arriaran Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J","family":"Sharkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02062-9_7","volume-title":"Fertility Control","author":"Aitken","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06593-6","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs in male infertility","volume":"48","author":"Attia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_25_19","article-title":"Expression of adipokines in seminal fluid of men of normal weight","volume":"21","author":"Bongrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","article-title":"Multiple outcomes or time-points within a study","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Introduction to Meta-Analysis"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B6","first-page":"143","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis in semen samples of asymptomatic fertile and infertile men: prevalence and relation between semen parameters and IL-18 levels","volume":"36","author":"\u00c7ali\u015fkan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk Uroloji Dergisi"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390129232","article-title":"Relation between immunosuppressive PGE(2) and IL-10 to pro-inflammatory IL-6 in seminal plasma of infertile and fertile men","volume":"49","author":"Camejo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/014850101316901280","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in seminal plasma of infertile men, and lipid peroxidation of their sperm","volume":"47","author":"Camejo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12207","article-title":"Relationship of semen hyperviscosity with IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and ROS production in seminal plasma of infertile patients with prostatitis and prostato-vesiculitis","volume":"46","author":"Castiglione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8354747","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8354747","article-title":"The associations between infertility and antioxidants, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines","volume":"2018","author":"Chyra-Jach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","article-title":"The combination of estimates from different experiments","volume":"10","author":"Cochran","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B12","volume-title":"Sanford. Residuals and Influence in Regression 1982","author":"Cook","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093152","article-title":"Productivity index in clinical andrology: research directions on high-impact topics and in particular on male infertility","volume":"12","author":"Crafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb01855.x","article-title":"The relation between reactive oxygen species and cytokines in andrological patients with or without male accessory gland infection","volume":"17","author":"Depuydt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.7.1476","article-title":"Seminal cytokine concentrations (IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-6, sR IL-2, sR IL-6), semen parameters and blood hormonal status in male infertility","volume":"12","author":"Dousset","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.74","article-title":"Seminal plasma as a diagnostic fluid for male reproductive system disorders","volume":"11","author":"Drabovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.09.006","article-title":"Dendritic cells in semen of infertile men: association with sperm quality and inflammatory status of the epididymis","volume":"101","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/20905998.2024.2445332","article-title":"Male accessory gland infection (MAGI): over-diagnosed or under treated in infertile men?","volume":"23","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arab J Urol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B19","first-page":"157","article-title":"Interleukin 1\u03b2 and interleukin 18 and their connection with leukocytospermia in human semen","volume":"35","author":"Dziadecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B20","first-page":"162","article-title":"Interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 concentrations in seminal plasma of male with seminogram abnormalities","volume":"35","author":"Dziadecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12373","article-title":"Seminal Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and its relationship to infertility in Egyptian patients with varicocele","volume":"47","author":"Eid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12513","article-title":"Association between leukocytospermia and semen interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in infertile men","volume":"6","author":"Eldamnhoury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2024.100887","article-title":"Possible impact of human beta-defensin 1 on sperm motility in infertile men with abnormal sperm parameters","volume":"24","author":"Firouzabadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.02.001","article-title":"Cytokines in the male reproductive tract and their role in infertility disorders","volume":"108","author":"Fraczek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.09.005","article-title":"In vitro reconstruction of inflammatory reaction in human semen: effect on sperm DNA fragmentation","volume":"100","author":"Fraczek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390219926","article-title":"Soluble Fas and interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in seminal plasma of infertile men","volume":"49","author":"Furuya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B28","first-page":"70","article-title":"Decline of sperm quality over the last two decades in the south of Europe: a retrospective study in infertile patients","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Grau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12389","article-title":"Sperm morphology: assessment, pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and state of the art in 2017","volume":"5","author":"Gatimel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb01765.x","article-title":"Cytokine levels in the seminal plasma of infertile males","volume":"17","author":"Gruschwitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0382","article-title":"COVID-19 and male reproductive function: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study","volume":"161","author":"Hajizadeh Maleki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2015.54596","article-title":"Cytokines in the blood and semen of infertile patients","volume":"40","author":"Havrylyuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00060-8","article-title":"Cytokines and the immune-testicular axis","volume":"58","author":"Hedger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2019","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B37","first-page":"259","article-title":"Regulation of spermatogenesis by paracrine\/autocrine testicular factors","volume":"6","author":"Huleihel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B38","first-page":"105","article-title":"Seminal plasma transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels in patients with varicocele","volume":"38","author":"Kisa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0303-4569.2001.00486.x","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokine response of the fluid contents of spermatoceles and epididymal cysts","volume":"34","author":"Kocak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.109.008300","article-title":"Raised inflammatory markers in semen from men with asymptomatic chlamydial infection","volume":"31","author":"Kokab","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2005.00676.x","article-title":"Role of granulocyte elastase and interleukin-6 in the diagnosis of male genital tract inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Kopa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1998.tb01180.x","article-title":"Increased levels of interleukin-8 in human seminal plasma","volume":"30","author":"Koumantakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050144","article-title":"Growth factors in cultured pterygium fibroblasts: immunohistochemical and ELISA analysis","volume":"236","author":"Kria","year":"1998","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60309-4","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 affect human sperm function by elevating nitric oxide production","volume":"17","author":"Lampiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx022","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"23","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.6.1534","article-title":"Seminal transforming growth factor-beta in normal and infertile men","volume":"14","author":"Loras","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey235","article-title":"Epididymal more than testicular abnormalities are associated with the occurrence of antisperm antibodies as evaluated by the MAR test","volume":"33","author":"Lotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B48","first-page":"e336\u2013e342","article-title":"Elevated body mass index correlates with higher seminal plasma interleukin 8 levels and ultrasonographic abnormalities of the prostate in men attending an andrology clinic for infertility","volume":"34","author":"Lotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01121.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and clinical correlates of seminal plasma interleukin-8 levels in patients attending an andrology clinic for infertility","volume":"34","author":"Lotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.02.004","article-title":"Interleukin 8 and the male genital tract","volume":"100","author":"Lotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00307","article-title":"Cytokines in male fertility and reproductive pathologies: immunoregulation and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Loveland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-023-02859-z","article-title":"Global trends in semen quality of young men: a systematic review and regression analysis","volume":"40","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13424","article-title":"Immune regulatory cytokines in seminal plasma of healthy men: a scoping review and analysis of variance","volume":"11","author":"Lyons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13772","article-title":"Immunoregulation and male reproductive function: impacts and mechanistic insights into inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.01086.x","article-title":"Distinct expression pattern of cytokines in semen of men with genital infection and oligo-terato-asthenozoospermia","volume":"48","author":"Matalliotakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/014850100262236","article-title":"Soluble IL-6 receptor levels in the seminal plasma of infertile patients with accessory gland infection","volume":"44","author":"Matalliotakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019808994889","article-title":"Determination of interleukin-11 in seminal plasma and elevated IL-11 in seminal plasma of infertile patients with urogenital infection","volume":"41","author":"Matalliotakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B58","first-page":"58","article-title":"Cytokine levels in seminal plasma","volume":"25","author":"Matalliotakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00380.x","article-title":"Increased IL-18 levels in seminal plasma of infertile men with genital tract infections","volume":"55","author":"Matalliotakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7261842","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7261842","article-title":"Relationships between ghrelin and obestatin with MDA, proinflammatory cytokines, GSH\/GSSG ratio, catalase activity, and semen parameters in infertile patients with leukocytospermia and varicocele","volume":"2019","author":"Micheli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00911.x","article-title":"Semen characteristics and inflammatory mediators in infertile men with different clinical diagnoses","volume":"32","author":"Moretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156281","article-title":"Apelin is found in human sperm and testis and is raised in inflammatory pathological conditions","volume":"169","author":"Moretti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156889","article-title":"Are F(2)-isoprostanes a better marker of semen lipid peroxidation than MDA in reproductive pathologies with inflammatory basis?","volume":"188","author":"Moretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1998.tb02009.x","article-title":"Presence and modulation of interleukin-12 in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men","volume":"19","author":"Naz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019808987950","article-title":"Decreased levels of interleukin-12 are not correlated with leukocyte concentration and superoxide dismutase activity in semen of infertile men","volume":"41","author":"Naz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.440402.x","article-title":"Immunobiologic implication of RANTES in seminal plasma of fertile, infertile and immunoinfertile men","volume":"44","author":"Naz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019508987847","article-title":"Enhanced levels of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) in sera and seminal plasma of antisperm antibody-positive infertile men","volume":"35","author":"Naz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2019.102857","article-title":"Soluble HLA-G and TGF-\u03b2 in couples attending assisted reproduction: a possible role of TGF-\u03b2 isoforms in semen?","volume":"137","author":"Nilsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00073-1","article-title":"Seminal immune response in infertile men with leukocytospermia: effect on antioxidant activity","volume":"86","author":"Omu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2001.00358.x","article-title":"Seminal plasma cytokine levels in the diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Orhan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02775.x","article-title":"Increased levels of interferon-gamma in seminal plasma of infertile men","volume":"28","author":"Paradisi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019508987851","article-title":"Interleukin-2 in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men","volume":"35","author":"Paradisi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00282.x","article-title":"T-helper 2 type cytokine and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in seminal plasma of infertile men","volume":"38","author":"Paradisi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/58.3.545","article-title":"Recovery of inter-block information when block sizes are unequal","volume":"58","author":"Patterson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.07.016","article-title":"Seminal plasma cytokines and chemokines in prostate inflammation: interleukin 8 as a predictive biomarker in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"51","author":"Penna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156701","article-title":"Screening of cytokine expression in human seminal plasma in associations with sperm disorders and markers of oxidative-antioxidant balance","volume":"182","author":"P\u0142aczkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B78","author":"Pope","year":"1976"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00980.x","article-title":"Study on the relationship between different cytokines in the semen of infertility patients","volume":"66","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01549","article-title":"From pre-registration to publication: a non-technical primer for conducting a meta-analysis to synthesize correlational data","volume":"6","author":"Quintana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00145.x","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of cytokines (GRO alpha and IL-10) in human seminal plasma during genitourinary inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57674-2","article-title":"Oxidative stress and interleukins in seminal plasma during leukocytospermia","volume":"64","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1101","article-title":"Seminal fluid and fertility in women","volume":"106","author":"Robertson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2014.909453","article-title":"IL-17A concentration of seminal plasma and follicular fluid in infertile men and women with various clinical diagnoses","volume":"43","author":"Sabbaghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.07517.x","article-title":"The assessment of oxidative stress in infertile patients with varicocele","volume":"101","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv042","article-title":"Sperm selection in natural conception: what can we learn from Mother Nature to improve assisted reproduction outcomes?","volume":"21","author":"Sakkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2003.10.005","article-title":"Male genital tract infection: an influence of leukocytes and bacteria on semen","volume":"62","author":"Sanocka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02693.x","article-title":"Male genital tract inflammation: the role of selected interleukins in regulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymatic substances in seminal plasma","volume":"24","author":"Sanocka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2018","article-title":"The female response to seminal fluid","volume":"100","author":"Schjenken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00736.x","article-title":"The role of cytokine expression in different subgroups of subfertile men","volume":"62","author":"Seshadri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew185","article-title":"Seminal plasma transforming growth factor-\u03b2, activin A and follistatin fluctuate within men over time","volume":"31","author":"Sharkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex106","article-title":"Seminal plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-\u03b3 (IFNG) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) fluctuate over time within men","volume":"32","author":"Sharkey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138565","article-title":"High concentration of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in ejaculate with low sperm motility","volume":"9","author":"Shimonovitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00957.x","article-title":"Detection of monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) and interleukin (IL)-6 in human seminal plasma and effect of leukospermia on these cytokine levels","volume":"34","author":"Shimoya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55876-2","article-title":"Detection of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in seminal plasma and elevated IL-8 in seminal plasma of infertile patients with leukospermia","volume":"59","author":"Shimoya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.08.011","article-title":"Significant association of TNF alpha and IL-6 gene with male infertility: an explorative study in Indian populations of Uttar Pradesh","volume":"156","author":"Shukla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq264","article-title":"Growth\/differentiation factor-15 is an abundant cytokine in human seminal plasma","volume":"25","author":"Soucek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11123345","article-title":"A possible role for nerve growth factor and its receptors in human sperm pathology","volume":"11","author":"Stabile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13467","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413467","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium provokes seminal inflammation among infertile males","volume":"22","author":"Tjagur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294384","article-title":"A general linear model for estimating effect size in the presence of publication bias","volume":"60","author":"Vevea","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the meta for package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.01.009","article-title":"Seminal plasma\u2014immunomodulatory potential in men with normal and abnormal sperm count","volume":"134","author":"von Wolff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B104","volume-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","edition":"6th edn"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.5336\/medsci.2009-14180","article-title":"Eotaxin and interleukin-4 levels and their relation to sperm parameters in infertile men","volume":"30","author":"Yi\u01e7itba\u015fi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"2026070101522425500_dmag003-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12685","article-title":"Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the seminal plasma of infertile men suffering from varicocele","volume":"49","author":"Zeinali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrologia"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction Update"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article-pdf\/32\/4\/381\/67070807\/dmag003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article-pdf\/32\/4\/381\/67070807\/dmag003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:04:19Z","timestamp":1782914659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article\/32\/4\/381\/8494715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmag003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-4786","1460-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-4786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]}}}