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The potential role of pregnancy-related hormones such as progesterone, estrogen and HCG has been widely studied; however, various other hormones such as leptin, placental growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid and adrenal cortical hormones have been implicated in the aetiology of HG. In addition to endocrinological hypotheses, the rationale and evidence considering infectious, immunological, psychological, metabolic and anatomical causes for HG have been analysed here. Many studies suffer from the low number of patients included, the variable definition used for HG and varying assay methodology used in studies of hormone measurement. This review highlights the need for more extensive studies addressing the pathogenesis and aetiology of HG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,8]],"date-time":"2005-07-08T20:13:27Z","timestamp":1120853607000},"page":"527-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":331,"title":["Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature 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