{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:10:54Z","timestamp":1782778254103,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Menopausal age is important as a retrospective marker for ovarian senescence, an early menopausal age is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis, whereas a later menopausal age has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The worldwide average for age at natural menopause is approximately 51 years and is more or less normally distributed with a range roughly between 40 and 60 years. Environmental factors explain only a small part of the variance and it has been proposed that genetic factors are the main source of variation. Menopausal age may be considered a continuous complex trait. Complex traits are defined as traits that are influenced by both multiple genetic and environmental factors. A category of complex traits comprises those that are measured on a continuous scale. The genomic loci that make up the genetic component are called \u2018quantitative trait loci\u2019 or QTLs. The first linkage study on menopausal age suggests that the involvement of the X-chromosome may not be limited to premature ovarian failure (POF), but may influence the broader spectrum of menopausal age. A potentially new locus for variation in menopausal age was allocated to chromosome 9. Further studies need to identify new candidate genes to help unravel the pathophysiology of menopausal age. It is becoming increasingly clear that, in any speciality, it should be acknowledged that genetic factors are involved in many traits and that uncovering these factors may provide insight into pathogenesis and ultimately advance prevention and treatment of disease. In this review we discuss methods and basic principles of gene finding for such traits, exemplified by menopausal age as phenotype. Furthermore, we give an overview of the state of the art of candidate gene studies and linkage studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]],"date-time":"2005-07-15T20:33:40Z","timestamp":1121459620000},"page":"483-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Genetic studies to identify genes underlying menopausal age"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Helen S.","family":"Kok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristel M.","family":"van Asselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne T.","family":"van der Schouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra H.M.","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cisca","family":"Wijmenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041218354256600_ADENA-GALLAGHER-1982","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468200005591","volume":"9","author":"Adena","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_AITTOMAKI-ET-AL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90275-9","volume":"82","author":"Aittomaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_ALLINGHAM-HAWKINS-ET-AL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990402)83:4<322::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"83","author":"Allingham-Hawkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_ATWOOD-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.10225","volume":"24","author":"Atwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BARRETT-CONNOR-AND-GOODMAN-GRUEN-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7014.1193","volume":"311","author":"Barrett-Connor","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BEAU-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3795","volume":"102","author":"Beau","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BILLIG-ET-AL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/2.2.103","volume":"2","author":"Billig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BOKER-ET-AL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020009325797","volume":"17","author":"Boker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BONGAARTS-1982","first-page":"1","author":"Bongaarts","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BRAMBILLA-1989","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90044-9","volume":"42","author":"Brambilla","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BRITT-AND-FINDLAY-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1750269","volume":"175","author":"Britt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_BROMBERGER-ET-AL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009083","volume":"145","author":"Bromberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DE-BRUIN-ET-AL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.9.2014","volume":"16","author":"de Bruin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_CARDON-AND-BELL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/35052543","volume":"2","author":"Cardon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_CASSOU-ET-AL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(96)01096-1","volume":"26","author":"Cassou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_CHEUNG-ET-AL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1094","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_COLDITZ-ET-AL-1987","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/126.2.319","volume":"126","author":"Colditz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_COOPER-ET-AL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199911000-00021","volume":"10","author":"Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_COOPER-ET-AL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.12.1159","volume":"153","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_COULAM-1982","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46688-4","volume":"38","author":"Coulam","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_COULAM-ET-AL-1986A","first-page":"604","volume":"67","author":"Coulam","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_COULAM-ET-AL-1986B","first-page":"604","volume":"67","author":"Coulam","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_CRAMER-ET-AL-1995A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(95)00928-E","volume":"22","author":"Cramer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_CRAMER-ET-AL-1995B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90574-X","volume":"172","author":"Cramer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_CRAMER-ET-AL-1995C","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57849-2","volume":"64","author":"Cramer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_CRISPONI-ET-AL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/84781","volume":"27","author":"Crisponi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DAVIS-ET-AL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.11.2418","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DEVI-AND-BENN-1999","first-page":"321","volume":"44","author":"Devi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DO-ET-AL-1998","first-page":"1073","volume":"70","author":"Do","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DOHERTY-ET-AL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8319","volume":"87","author":"Doherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_ERIKSEN-ET-AL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3388021","volume":"241","author":"Eriksen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_EVANS-1988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283939","volume":"240","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_GIGUERE-ET-AL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/331091a0","volume":"331","author":"Giguere","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_GOLD-ET-AL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.9.865","volume":"153","author":"Gold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_GORAI-ET-AL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020353","volume":"88","author":"Gorai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_GROMOLL-ET-AL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(96)03949-4","volume":"125","author":"Gromoll","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_GUSELLA-ET-AL-1983","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/306234a0","volume":"306","author":"Gusella","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_HARDY-AND-KUH-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009861","volume":"149","author":"Hardy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_HARDY-ET-AL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.5.845","volume":"29","author":"Hardy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_HARLOW-ET-AL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117390","volume":"141","author":"Harlow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_HASLAM-AND-SHYAMALA-1981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-3-825","volume":"108","author":"Haslam","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_HSUEH-ET-AL-1994","first-page":"707","volume":"15","author":"Hsueh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_HUNDSCHEID-ET-AL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.3.457","volume":"16","author":"Hundscheid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_JEUNE-1986","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(86)90044-7","volume":"8","author":"Jeune","year":"1986","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_KAIPIA-AND-HSUEH-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.59.1.349","volume":"59","author":"Kaipia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_KATO-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00119-X","volume":"51","author":"Kato","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_VAN-KEEP-ET-AL-1979","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000024299","volume":"6","author":"van Keep","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_KNOWLTON-ET-AL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/318380a0","volume":"318","author":"Knowlton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_KOK-ET-AL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.08.017","volume":"81","author":"Kok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_KOK-ET-AL-2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh600","volume":"20","author":"Kok","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_KOOCHMESHGI-ET-AL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1297.105","volume":"1019","author":"Koochmeshgi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_KRITZ-SILVERSTEIN-AND-BARRETT-CONNOR-1993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.7.983","volume":"83","author":"Kritz-Silverstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_LANDER-AND-KRUGLYAK-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1195-241","volume":"11","author":"Lander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_LEIDY-1990","first-page":"1111","volume":"76","author":"Leidy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_LOPEZ-LOPEZ-ET-AL-1999","first-page":"174","volume":"6","author":"Lopez-Lopez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_LUOTO-ET-AL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116936","volume":"139","author":"Luoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MAROZZI-ET-AL-2000A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390000364","volume":"107","author":"Marozzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MAROZZI-ET-AL-2000B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390000364","volume":"107","author":"Marozzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"[in Process Citation] Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MAROZZI-ET-AL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.7.1741","volume":"17","author":"Marozzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MCKINLAY-ET-AL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-3-350","volume":"103","author":"McKinlay","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MELICA-ET-AL-1995","first-page":"79","volume":"40","author":"Melica","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MESCHIA-ET-AL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(99)00095-X","volume":"34","author":"Meschia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MIDGETTE-AND-BARON-1990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199011000-00010","volume":"1","author":"Midgette","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MIKI-ET-AL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7545954","volume":"266","author":"Miki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MORABIA-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609","volume":"148","author":"Morabia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_MULLIS-ET-AL-1997","first-page":"1739","volume":"82","author":"Mullis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_NAGATA-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00012-7","volume":"29","author":"Nagata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_NERI-ET-AL-1982","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(82)90067-6","volume":"4","author":"Neri","year":"1982","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_NESLIHAN-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00041-3","volume":"30","author":"Neslihan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_NILSSON-ET-AL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.00220.x","volume":"242","author":"Nilsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_VAN-NOORD-ET-AL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81482-3","volume":"68","author":"van","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_OSEI-HYIAMAN-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009582","volume":"148","author":"Osei-Hyiaman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_PARAZZINI-ET-AL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(92)90248-3","volume":"15","author":"Parazzini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_PAVIA-ET-AL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199404000-00015","volume":"83","author":"Pavia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_RICHARDS-ET-AL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.2.308","volume":"53","author":"Richards","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_RISCH-AND-ZHANG-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7777857","volume":"268","author":"Risch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_RIZK-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00010-3","volume":"29","author":"Rizk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_RUCKER-III-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.7.0465","volume":"14","author":"Rucker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_SCHLESSINGER-ET-AL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10565","volume":"111","author":"Schlessinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_VAN-DER-SCHOUW-ET-AL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90075-6","volume":"347","author":"van der Schouw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_SHAM-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029800700305","volume":"7","author":"Sham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_SHELLING-ET-AL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.12.2644","volume":"15","author":"Shelling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_SHERMAN-ET-AL-1981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-52-3-488","volume":"52","author":"Sherman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_SNIEDER-ET-AL-1998","first-page":"1875","volume":"83","author":"Snieder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_SPIRA-1988","first-page":"1","author":"Spira","year":"1988","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_STANFORD-ET-AL-1987","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90113-5","volume":"40","author":"Stanford","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TAVTIGIAN-ET-AL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0396-333","volume":"12","author":"Tavtigian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_INHMC-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02168","volume":"426","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_THOMAS-ET-AL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.1.8419141","volume":"132","author":"Thomas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TIBILETTI-ET-AL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.11.2731","volume":"14","author":"Tibiletti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DENTONKELAAR-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(97)01122-5","volume":"27","author":"den Tonkelaar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DENTONKELAAR-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00013-9","volume":"29","author":"den Tonkelaar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TORGERSON-ET-AL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(94)90057-4","volume":"19","author":"Torgerson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TORGERSON-ET-AL-1997A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(96)01075-4","volume":"26","author":"Torgerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TORGERSON-ET-AL-1997B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(97)00085-7","volume":"74","author":"Torgerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TOURAINE-ET-AL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.11.0370","volume":"13","author":"Touraine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TRELOAR-1981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(81)90032-3","volume":"3","author":"Treloar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TRELOAR-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79753-1","volume":"352","author":"Treloar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TRELOAR-ET-AL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.1.55","volume":"15","author":"Treloar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_VANASSELT-ET-AL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000056040.51813.1A","volume":"10","author":"Van Asselt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_VANASSELT-ET-AL-2004A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000134868.53468.b7","volume":"15","author":"Van Asselt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_VANASSELT-ET-AL-2004B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1086\/382136","volume":"74","author":"Van Asselt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_VEGETTI-ET-AL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00224-5","volume":"161","author":"Vegetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_TEVELDE-ET-AL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00067-X","volume":"30","author":"te Velde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DEVRIES-ET-AL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.8.1657","volume":"16","author":"de Vries","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_DEWAARD-ET-AL-1984","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(84)90123-1","volume":"37","author":"de Waard","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WALKER-ET-AL-1984","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb04853.x","volume":"91","author":"Walker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WEEL-ET-AL-1999","first-page":"3146","volume":"84","author":"Weel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WELT-ET-AL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0347","volume":"89","author":"Welt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab,"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WESTENDORP-AND-KIRKWOOD-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/25519","volume":"396","author":"Westendorp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WHELAN-ET-AL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115546","volume":"131","author":"Whelan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WILLETT-ET-AL-1983","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113598","volume":"117","author":"Willett","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WILSON-ET-AL-1980","first-page":"20","volume":"55","author":"Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WISE-ET-AL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5271.67","volume":"273","author":"Wise","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WOOD-1989","first-page":"61","volume":"11","author":"Wood","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oxf Rev Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WOOSTER-ET-AL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/378789a0","volume":"378","author":"Wooster","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041218354256600_WHO-1996","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction Update"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article-pdf\/11\/5\/483\/68022371\/humupd_11_5_483.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article-pdf\/11\/5\/483\/68022371\/humupd_11_5_483.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T22:36:04Z","timestamp":1776033364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article\/11\/5\/483\/606644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmi024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2369","1355-4786"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2369","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1355-4786","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]}}}