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We then review the various theories attempting to explain these trends and see how the family planning variables are treated in these approaches. At the country level, the conclusion is unambiguous: within individual countries, there is no systematic negative correlation between fertility and contraceptive pill use. The development of hormonal contraception cannot be considered as responsible for either starting or the size of the fertility decline. A more subtle chain of causality must be considered, but there is no agreement on a general theory of fertility changes. Most authors, however, agree that the diffusion of modern contraception has certainly contributed to the reduction in the number of unwanted pregnancies and has also facilitated and favoured the adoption of new (more restrictive) norms for the ideal family size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]],"date-time":"2006-06-15T01:08:16Z","timestamp":1150333696000},"page":"603-616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Demographic effects of the introduction of steroid contraception in developed countries"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Henri","family":"Leridon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, U569, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre; INED, F-75020 Paris and Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023052510233856200_AGUINAGA-1989","first-page":"7","volume":"7","author":"Aguinaga","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bol Asoc Demogr Hist"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_THE-2001","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_ALTHAUS-1990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2307\/2135441","volume":"22","author":"Althaus","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_ANDERSCH-AND-MILSOM-1982","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(82)90070-1","volume":"26","author":"Andersch","year":"1982","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BAJOS-AND-FERRAND-2004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3406\/sosan.2004.1630","volume":"22","author":"Bajos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sciences Sociales et Sant\u00e9"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BAJOS-ET-AL-2003","volume-title":"Reproductive Health Behaviour of Young Europeans","author":"Bajos","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BAJOS-ET-AL-2004","first-page":"1","author":"Bajos","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BECKER-1981","volume-title":"A Treatise on the Family","author":"Becker","year":"1981"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BERENT-1982","author":"Berent","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BERRINGTON-2004","first-page":"9","volume":"117","author":"Berrington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Popul Trends"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BIRABEN-1968","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2307\/1529066","volume":"23","author":"Biraben","year":"1968","journal-title":"Population"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BIRABEN-1969","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2307\/1528031","volume":"24","author":"Biraben","year":"1969","journal-title":"Population"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BLAKE-AND-DAS-1975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2307\/1972222","volume":"1","author":"Blake","year":"1975","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BONE-1982","first-page":"2","volume":"16","author":"Bone","year":"1982","journal-title":"IPPF Med Bull"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BONGAARTS-1978","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2307\/1972149","volume":"4","author":"Bongaarts","year":"1978","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BONGAARTS-AND-POTTER-1983","volume-title":"Fertility, Biology and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants","author":"Bongaarts","year":"1983"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BULATAO-AND-LEE-1983","volume-title":"Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries: Supply and Demand for Children","author":"Bulatao","year":"1983"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_BUTZ-AND-WARD-1979","first-page":"318","volume":"69","author":"Butz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_CALDWELL-2001","first-page":"93","volume":"27","author":"Caldwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_CALDWELL-AND-WARE-1973","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.1973.10410311","volume":"27","author":"Caldwell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Popul Stud"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_CARTWRIGHT-1979","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2307\/2134372","volume":"11","author":"Cartwright","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_CARTWRIGHT-1987","first-page":"31","volume":"49","author":"Cartwright","year":"1987","journal-title":"Popul Trends"},{"key":"2023052510233856200_CHESNAIS-1992","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198286592.001.0001","volume-title":"The Demographic Transition: Stages, Patterns, and Economic Implications. 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