{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:31:35Z","timestamp":1793640695361,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":304,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 AI 41236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 AI 41236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BH93\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BH93\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DFG and Monash University to the International Research Training Group between Justus Liebig University of Giessen and Monash University, Melbourne","award":["1871\/1 \u2013 1871\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1871\/1 \u2013 1871\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033eqas34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]],"date-time":"2018-03-10T07:08:51Z","timestamp":1520665731000},"page":"416-441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":268,"title":["Infectious, inflammatory and \u2018autoimmune\u2019 male factor infertility: how do rodent models inform clinical practice?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Fijak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Aulweg 123, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Pilatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P","family":"Hedger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Aulweg 123, Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhanshu","family":"Bhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Aulweg 123, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Aulweg 123, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S K","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, 345 Crispell Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0874-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Christian","family":"Schuppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3711-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Meinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Aulweg 123, Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6121.1177","article-title":"Pituitary-testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other viral infections","volume":"1","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2009.05.009","article-title":"Risks and complications of vasectomy","volume":"36","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(87)90080-5","article-title":"Experimental allergic orchitis in mice: IV. Preliminary characterization of the major murine testis specific aspermatogenic autoantigen(s)","volume":"12","author":"Adekunle","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C4","first-page":"205","article-title":"Epidemiological and aetiological factors of male infertility in northern Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.12.002","article-title":"Evidence for a histaminergic system in the human testis","volume":"83","author":"Albrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44228-7","article-title":"Vasectomy: consequences of autoimmunity to sperm antigens","volume":"32","author":"Alexander","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C7","first-page":"129","article-title":"Spontaneous tumors in long-term\u2014vasectomized mice. Increased incidence and association with antisperm immunity","volume":"111","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958","article-title":"Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein","volume":"298","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-130-33729","article-title":"Experimental autoallergic orchitis in rhesus monkeys","volume":"130","author":"Andrada","year":"1969","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1977.tb01289.x","article-title":"Immunological studies in patients with mumps orchitis","volume":"9","author":"Andrada","year":"1977","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C11","first-page":"94","article-title":"Temporary impairment of semen quality following recent acute fever","volume":"43","author":"Andrade-Rocha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu320","article-title":"Targeting high mobility group box protein 1 ameliorates testicular inflammation in experimental autoimmune orchitis","volume":"30","author":"Aslani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2012.03.art8","article-title":"Acute epididymo-orchitis: staging and treatment","volume":"65","author":"Banyra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx021","article-title":"The diagnosis of male infertility: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance-challenges and future research opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Barratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C15","first-page":"305","article-title":"Male infertility: risk factors in Mongolian men","volume":"6","author":"Bayasgalan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C16","first-page":"3","article-title":"The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974","volume":"52","author":"Beard","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01324","article-title":"Mast cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"420","author":"Benoist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)56978-5","article-title":"Etiology, manifestations and therapy of acute epididymitis: prospective study of 50 cases","volume":"121","author":"Berger","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.6.1341","article-title":"Etiology and manifestations of epididymitis in young men: correlations with sexual orientation","volume":"155","author":"Berger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-33713-X_79","volume-title":"Andrology for the Clinician","author":"Bergmann","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00046-1","article-title":"Tlr4: central component of the sole mammalian LPS sensor","volume":"12","author":"Beutler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028452","article-title":"Uropathogenic E. coli induce different immune response in testicular and peritoneal macrophages: implications for testicular immune privilege","volume":"6","author":"Bhushan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.06.008","article-title":"The macrophages in testis function","volume":"119","author":"Bhushan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5537","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli block MyD88-dependent and activate MyD88-independent signaling pathways in rat testicular cells","volume":"180","author":"Bhushan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401132","article-title":"Differential activation of inflammatory pathways in testicular macrophages provides a rationale for their subdued inflammatory capacity","volume":"194","author":"Bhushan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C26","first-page":"461","article-title":"Immunologic effects of vasectomy in men and experimental animals","volume":"70","author":"Bigazzi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.70.6.849","article-title":"Modes of action of Freund\u2019s adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune diseases","volume":"70","author":"Billiau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12012","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induced antimicrobial gene expression in the male reproductive tract of rat: evaluation of the potential of Defensin 21 to limit infection","volume":"3","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.32.3.213","article-title":"Intratesticular transplants of islet xenografts (rat to mouse)","volume":"32","author":"Bobzien","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2000.00151.x","article-title":"Immunopathology of in situ seminoma","volume":"81","author":"Bols","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C31","volume-title":"EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections","author":"Bonkat","year":"2018"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12197","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorates the inflammation by inducing transforming growth factor beta 1 and interleukin 10 in mouse epididymitis","volume":"71","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(87)90118-X","article-title":"Histopathology of testis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Chabon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0118-2","article-title":"Puzzling over privilege: how the immune system protects\u2014and fails\u2014the testes","volume":"24","author":"Chakradhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-007-0075-2","article-title":"Antisperm antibodies and conception","volume":"29","author":"Chamley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02259.x","article-title":"Inflammatory conditions of the male excurrent ductal system. Part I","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02260.x","article-title":"Inflammatory conditions of the male excurrent ductal system. Part II","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2011.52.11.782","article-title":"Associations of ultrasonographic features with scrotal pain after vasectomy","volume":"52","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards more objectivity in diagnosis and management of male infertility","volume":"10","author":"Comhaire","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1980.tb00093.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of accessory gland infection and its possible role in male infertility","volume":"3","author":"Comhaire","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0493","article-title":"A dense network of dendritic cells populates the murine epididymis","volume":"141","author":"Da Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81596-7","article-title":"Immunosuppressive molecules produced by Sertoli cells cultured in vitro: biological effects on lymphocytes","volume":"186","author":"De Cesaris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.3.7679985","article-title":"Activin is produced by rat Sertoli cells in vitro and can act as an autocrine regulator of Sertoli cell function","volume":"132","author":"de Winter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(98)00065-5","article-title":"Interferons and interferon-induced antiviral proteins in the testis","volume":"41","author":"Dejucq","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.208-231.2001","article-title":"Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on the reproductive system","volume":"65","author":"Dejucq","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043453225","article-title":"Viruses in semen and male genital tissues\u2014consequences for the reproductive system and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Dejucq-Rainsford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003140","article-title":"Identification of Orch3, a locus controlling dominant resistance to autoimmune orchitis, as kinesin family member 1C","volume":"8","author":"del Rio","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01682.x","article-title":"Effect of experimentally induced Escherichia coli epididymo-orchitis and ciprofloxacin treatment on rat spermatogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Demir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688607900906","article-title":"Fate of the testis following epididymitis: a clinical and ultrasound study","volume":"79","author":"Desai","year":"1986","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0090","article-title":"Reactive oxygen disrupts mitochondria in MA-10 tumor Leydig cells and inhibits steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and steroidogenesis","volume":"144","author":"Diemer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C51","first-page":"160","article-title":"[The change in the degree of fertility during the course of acute nonspecific epididymitis. (Contribution to the pathogenesis of primary inhibition of spermiogenesis)]","volume":"211","author":"Dietz","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch Med Infant"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.06.002","article-title":"EAU guidelines on male infertility","volume":"48","author":"Dohle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1989.tb00638.x","article-title":"Sequential study of the histopathology and cellular and humoral immune response during the development of an autoimmune orchitis in Wistar rats","volume":"20","author":"Doncel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01137.x","article-title":"Immunodeviation towards a Th17 immune response associated with testicular damage in azoospermic men","volume":"34","author":"Duan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1604449","article-title":"Evidence of sexual transmission of Zika virus","volume":"374","author":"D\u2019Ortenzio","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00252.x","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, controlled multicentre study to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin with pivampicillin as oral therapy for epididymitis in men over 40 years of age","volume":"84","author":"Eickhoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.11.080","article-title":"Increased risk of cancer in infertile men: analysis of U.S. claims data","volume":"193","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.01.023","article-title":"Male infertility management in a Nigerian tertiary hospital","volume":"114","author":"Eke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07716.x","article-title":"Immunological infertility among Nigerian men: incidence of circulating antisperm auto-antibodies and some clinical observations: a preliminary report","volume":"76","author":"Ekwere","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59421-7","article-title":"Immunocompetent cells in human testis in health and disease","volume":"48","author":"el-Demiry","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx024","article-title":"Zika virus and reproduction: facts, questions and current management","volume":"23","author":"Epelboin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2012.13","article-title":"mBin1b transgenic mice show enhanced resistance to epididymal infection by bacteria challenge","volume":"13","author":"Fei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1828","article-title":"Identification of immunodominant autoantigens in rat autoimmune orchitis","volume":"207","author":"Fijak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001958","article-title":"Testosterone replacement effectively inhibits the development of experimental autoimmune orchitis in rats: evidence for a direct role of testosterone on regulatory T cell expansion","volume":"186","author":"Fijak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu226","article-title":"Autoantibodies against protein disulfide isomerase ER-60 are a diagnostic marker for low-grade testicular inflammation","volume":"29","author":"Fijak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12363","article-title":"Influence of testosterone on inflammatory response in testicular cells and expression of transcription factor Foxp3 in T cells","volume":"74","author":"Fijak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199707)248:3<380::AID-AR11>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Distribution of leukocytes in the epithelium and interstitium of four regions of the Lewis rat epididymis","volume":"248","author":"Flickinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1100161","article-title":"Interstitial orchitis with impaired steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testes of rabbits infected with an attenuated strain of myxoma virus","volume":"110","author":"Fountain","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40788-3_12","volume-title":"Immune Infertility. Impact of Immune Reactions on Human Fertility","author":"Francavilla","year":"2017"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.97.5.711","article-title":"Aspermatogenesis in the guinea pig induced by testicular tissue and adjuvants","volume":"97","author":"Freund","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(76)90002-2","article-title":"Pathology and familial incidence of orchitis and its relation to thyroiditis in a closed beagle colony","volume":"24","author":"Fritz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03206-5","article-title":"Number, distribution pattern, and identification of macrophages in the testes of infertile men","volume":"78","author":"Frungieri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232422999","article-title":"Proliferative action of mast-cell tryptase is mediated by PAR2, COX2, prostaglandins, and PPARgamma: possible relevance to human fibrotic disorders","volume":"99","author":"Frungieri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02899063","article-title":"Spontaneous immune complex orchitis in brown Norway rats","volume":"57","author":"Furbeth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12598","article-title":"Murine Sertoli cells promote the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells: a pivotal role of galectin-1","volume":"148","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1308\/003588407X232026","article-title":"The implementation of European Association of Urology guidelines in the management of acute epididymo-orchitis","volume":"89","author":"Garthwaite","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem010","article-title":"Immune-related disease before and after vasectomy: an epidemiological database study","volume":"22","author":"Goldacre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20556","article-title":"Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice","volume":"540","author":"Govero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1680193","article-title":"Differential effects of dexamethasone treatment on lipopolysaccharide-induced testicular inflammation and reproductive hormone inhibition in adult rats","volume":"168","author":"Gow","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1987.tb04985.x","article-title":"The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in epididymitis","volume":"60","author":"Grant","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45326-2","article-title":"Type B Hemophilus influenzae epididymo-orchitis in the prepubertal boy","volume":"136","author":"Greenfield","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019308987755","article-title":"Effect of early antibiotic treatment on the formation of sperm antibodies in experimentally induced epididymitis","volume":"30","author":"Greskovich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2003.08.001","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1\/CCL2) in experimental autoimmune orchitis","volume":"60","author":"Guazzone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00329","article-title":"Involvement of CD44 in leukocyte recruitment to the rat testis in experimental autoimmune orchitis","volume":"129","author":"Guazzone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20704","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines in testicular inflammation: a brief review","volume":"72","author":"Guazzone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01082.x","article-title":"Characterization of dendritic cells in testicular draining lymph nodes in a rat model of experimental autoimmune orchitis","volume":"34","author":"Guazzone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0079","article-title":"Expression of cell adhesion molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in leukocyte traffic in rats undergoing autoimmune orchitis","volume":"143","author":"Guazzone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(88)90391-3","article-title":"Experimental Escherichia coli epididymitis in rabbits","volume":"32","author":"Hackett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00819.x","article-title":"Chronic epididymitis: impact on semen parameters and therapeutic options","volume":"40","author":"Haidl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92773-8","article-title":"Aetiology of acute epididymitis","volume":"1","author":"Harnisch","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2006.02.003","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes after inguinal herniorrhaphy","volume":"140","author":"Hawn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198310000-00014","article-title":"Immune privilege in the testis. I. Basic parameters of allograft survival","volume":"36","author":"Head","year":"1983","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0020038","article-title":"Testicular leukocytes: what are they doing?","volume":"2","author":"Hedger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.012989","article-title":"Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.01.010","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and signalling in spermatogenesis and testicular responses to inflammation\u2014a perspective","volume":"88","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.09.031","article-title":"Regulation of activin and inhibin in the adult testis and the evidence for functional roles in spermatogenesis and immunoregulation","volume":"359","author":"Hedger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C95","volume-title":"Pathologie des Hodens","author":"Hedinger","year":"1991"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C96","author":"Hellwig","year":"2008"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12145","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies in mice immunized with syngeneic testicular germ cells alone","volume":"70","author":"Hirai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C98","first-page":"173","article-title":"Chronic, nonpathogen-related orchitis","volume":"54","author":"Hofmann","year":"1979","journal-title":"Z Hautkr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C99","first-page":"43","article-title":"Hodenatrophie und Sch\u00e4digung des kontralateralen Hodengewebes nach Leistenbruchoperationen","volume":"17","author":"Hofmann","year":"1977","journal-title":"Der Urologe B"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C100","first-page":"361","article-title":"Microbiology of acute epididymitis in a developing community","volume":"69","author":"Hoosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.023","article-title":"Vasectomy reversal provides long-term pain relief for men with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome","volume":"187","author":"Horovitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S622","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu328","article-title":"Origins of HIV-infected leukocytes and virions in semen","volume":"210","author":"Houzet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.10.005","article-title":"Phenotypic characterisation of immune cell infiltrates in testicular germ cell neoplasia","volume":"100","author":"Hvarness","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)44764-1","article-title":"A prospective study of antisperm antibody development in acute epididymitis","volume":"136","author":"Ingerslev","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1938","article-title":"Development of testicular inflammation in the rat involves activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2","volume":"208","author":"Iosub","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05603.x","article-title":"A new murine model of autoimmune orchitis induced by immunization with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells alone. I. Immunological and histological studies","volume":"83","author":"Itoh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939109004812","article-title":"A new murine model of autoimmune orchitis induced by immunization with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells alone. II. Immunohistochemical findings of fully-developed inflammatory lesion","volume":"10","author":"Itoh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C107","first-page":"170","article-title":"Establishment of an experimental model of autoimmune epididymo-orchitis induced by the transfer of a T-cell line in mice","volume":"15","author":"Itoh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019408987766","article-title":"Immunohistological localization of autoantigens detected by serum autoantibodies from mice with experimental autoimmune orchitis without using adjuvants","volume":"32","author":"Itoh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.04.005","article-title":"Differential changes in CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector and regulatory T lymphocyte subsets in the testis of rats undergoing autoimmune orchitis","volume":"81","author":"Jacobo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1980.tb00594.x","article-title":"An immunohistochemical study for testicular biopsies in cases of male infertility","volume":"12","author":"Jadot-Van De Casseye","year":"1980","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1995.tb00568.x","article-title":"Incidence of testicular mononuclear cell infiltrates in normal human males and in patients with germ cell neoplasia","volume":"18","author":"Jahnukainen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.6.2324-2328.1992","article-title":"Experimental epididymitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis in rats","volume":"60","author":"Jantos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000281523","article-title":"Experimental chlamydial epididymitis","volume":"44","author":"Jantos","year":"1989","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.04.007","article-title":"Up regulation of nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide system in the testis of rats undergoing autoimmune orchitis","volume":"217","author":"Jarazo-Dietrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001282","article-title":"Immune tolerance properties of the testicular tissue as a viral sanctuary site in ART-treated HIV-infected adults","volume":"30","author":"Jenabian","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30444-9","article-title":"Effect of acute Zika virus infection on sperm and virus clearance in body fluids: a prospective observational study","volume":"17","author":"Joguet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00108-1","article-title":"Efficiency of spermatogenesis: a comparative approach","volume":"60\u201361","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C119","volume-title":"EAU Guidelines on Male Infertility","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2018"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02926-0","article-title":"Serum sperm antibodies are not elevated after mumps orchitis","volume":"77","author":"Kalaydjiev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.011","article-title":"Sertoli cells\u2014immunological sentinels of spermatogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C122","first-page":"548","article-title":"Epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 121 patients","volume":"30","author":"Kaver","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000092063","article-title":"Oxidative and antioxidative status in the testes of rats with acute epididymitis","volume":"76","author":"Kaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17717","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.718072","article-title":"Desialylation of spermatozoa and epithelial cell glycocalyx is a consequence of bacterial infection of the epididymis","volume":"291","author":"Khosravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06308.x","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy: known and novel aspects of the syndrome","volume":"1246","author":"Kisand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew211","article-title":"Specific immune cell and cytokine characteristics of human testicular germ cell neoplasia","volume":"31","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.6.2675","article-title":"Immunopathology of murine experimental allergic orchitis","volume":"130","author":"Kohno","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198407000-00012","article-title":"Epididymitis, orchitis, and related conditions","volume":"11","author":"Krieger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198401000-00008","article-title":"Etiology of acute epididymitis presenting in a venereal disease clinic","volume":"11","author":"Kristensen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod40.1.165","article-title":"A proposed mouse model for acute epididymitis provoked by genital serovar E, Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"40","author":"Kuzan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.110379","article-title":"Structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa is compromised as a consequence of acute uropathogenic E. coli-associated epididymitis","volume":"89","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01373-13","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli modulates innate immunity to suppress Th1-mediated inflammatory responses during infectious epididymitis","volume":"82","author":"Lang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.4.8735","article-title":"Production of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 is induced by the Sendai virus in human and rat testicular cells","volume":"143","author":"Le Goffic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001792","article-title":"Infection of semen-producing organs by SIV during the acute and chronic stages of the disease","volume":"3","author":"Le Tortorec","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C135","first-page":"320","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute epididymo-orchitis in Singapore","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C3000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22135-w","article-title":"Galectin-1 enhances TNF\u03b1-induced inflammatory responses in Sertoli cells through activation of MAPK signalling","volume":"8","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C136","first-page":"21","article-title":"Role of immunological factors in male infertility. Immunohistochemical and serological evidence","volume":"57","author":"Lehmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.123901","article-title":"Roles of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in mediating experimental autoimmune orchitis induction in mice","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.05.018","article-title":"Evaluation of adult acute scrotum in the ER: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, management and costs","volume":"94","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00307","article-title":"Cytokines in male fertility and reproductive pathologies: immunoregulation and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Loveland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052919","article-title":"Necrosis is the dominant cell death pathway in uropathogenic escherichia coli elicited epididymo-orchitis and is responsible for damage of rat testis","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00257715","article-title":"Acute experimental E. coli epididymitis in the rat and its consequences on spermatogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Lucchetta","year":"1983","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C142","first-page":"397","article-title":"[Epididymitis and fertility","volume":"95","author":"Ludwig","year":"1977","journal-title":"Treatment results in acute unspecific epididymitis]. Fortschr Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02113609","article-title":"Tissue penetration of sparfloxacin in a rat model of experimental Escherichia coli epididymitis","volume":"25","author":"Ludwig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.03029.x","article-title":"Experimental Escherichia coli epididymitis in rats: a model to assess the outcome of antibiotic treatment","volume":"90","author":"Ludwig","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh028","article-title":"Infertility in the third millennium: implications for the individual, family and society: condensed meeting report from the Bertarelli Foundation\u2019s second global conference","volume":"10","author":"Lunenfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01192.x","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of lymphocytic cell infiltrates into the testes of rats undergoing autoimmune orchitis","volume":"16","author":"Lustig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384929-8.00068-X","volume-title":"Autoimmune Orchitis and Autoimmune Oophoritis","author":"Lustig","year":"2014"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(82)90039-0","article-title":"Antigens of the basement membranes of the seminiferous tubules induce autoimmunity in Wistar rats","volume":"4","author":"Lustig","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072810","article-title":"Identification of Bphs, an autoimmune disease locus, as histamine receptor H1","volume":"297","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.009","article-title":"Zika virus causes testis damage and leads to male infertility in mice","volume":"168","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(87)90183-3","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of murine autoimmune orchitis to naive recipients with immune lymphocytes","volume":"106","author":"Mahi-Brown","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1071\/RD14255","article-title":"Neonatal testicular cell transplantation restores murine spermatogenesis damaged in the course of herpes simplex virus-induced orchitis","volume":"28","author":"Malolina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-25-7-859","article-title":"Immunological and testicular response in man sensitized with human testicular homogenate","volume":"25","author":"Mancini","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.08.001","article-title":"Are antisperm antibodies really associated with proven chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases of the male reproductive tract?","volume":"56","author":"Marconi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx033","article-title":"Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia impairs male reproductive function: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Maresch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001356","article-title":"National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic analysis of 277 health surveys","volume":"9","author":"Mascarenhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37128","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37128","article-title":"Sterile inflammation as a factor in human male infertility: involvement of Toll like receptor 2, biglycan and peritubular cells","volume":"6","author":"Mayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00302-1","article-title":"Antisperm antibodies: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"70","author":"Mazumdar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1066336","article-title":"Peramivir: an intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor","volume":"16","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00626-9","article-title":"Human testicular mast cells contain tryptase: increased mast cell number and altered distribution in the testes of infertile men","volume":"74","author":"Meineke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.265","article-title":"Infection: a new threat on the horizon\u2014Zika virus and male fertility","volume":"14","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg323","article-title":"Experimental inoculation of the adult rat testis with Sendai virus: effect on testicular morphology and leukocyte population","volume":"18","author":"Melaine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.090621","article-title":"Sertoli cell-specific deletion of the androgen receptor compromises testicular immune privilege in mice","volume":"85","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.2731","article-title":"Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology","volume":"172","author":"Mestas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115747","article-title":"Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk","volume":"132","author":"Mettlin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45286-4","article-title":"Testicular abscess: diagnosis by ultrasonography","volume":"136","author":"Mevorach","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.155770","article-title":"Epididymitis: revelations at the convergence of clinical and basic sciences","volume":"17","author":"Michel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4748","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli causes fibrotic remodelling of the epididymis","volume":"240","author":"Michel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C169","first-page":"101","article-title":"Inflammation of the testis, epididymis, peritesticular membranes, and scrotum","volume":"17","author":"Mikuz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pathol Annu"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44962-9","article-title":"Experimental epididymitis and urethritis in grivet monkeys provoked by Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"34","author":"Moller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170829","article-title":"Developmental origin and maintenance of distinct testicular macrophage populations","volume":"214","author":"Mossadegh-Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.4.2047","article-title":"Bacterial infection of the testis leading to autoaggressive immunity triggers apparently opposed responses of alpha beta and gamma delta T cells","volume":"155","author":"Mukasa","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1071\/RD04061","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor suppresses transforming growth factor-beta2 secretion in cultured rat testicular peritubular cells","volume":"17","author":"Muller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2012-121","article-title":"The effects of adjuvants on autoimmune responses against testicular antigens in mice","volume":"59","author":"Musha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Dev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-011-0539-2","article-title":"Postinflammation stage of autoimmune orchitis induced by immunization with syngeneic testicular germ cells alone in mice","volume":"45","author":"Naito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mol Morphol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-012-0587-2","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune orchitis as a model of immunological male infertility","volume":"45","author":"Naito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mol Morphol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01289.x","article-title":"Immuno-competent cells in the murine epididymis","volume":"12","author":"Nashan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81502-6","article-title":"Do men become infertile after having sexually transmitted urethritis? An epidemiologic examination","volume":"68","author":"Ness","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e407","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X532413","article-title":"Management of epididymo-orchitis in primary care: results from a large UK primary care database","volume":"60","author":"Nicholson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C180","first-page":"975","volume-title":"Campbell\u2019s Urology","author":"Nickel","year":"1986"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65181-6","article-title":"The patient with chronic epididymitis: characterization of an enigmatic syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Nickel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.05.007","article-title":"Prevalence, diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, and epididymitis in outpatient urological practice: the Canadian PIE Study","volume":"66","author":"Nickel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42391","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42391","article-title":"Testicular activin and follistatin levels are elevated during the course of experimental autoimmune epididymo-orchitis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Nicolas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0010","article-title":"Induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis in mice: responses to elevated circulating levels of the activin-binding protein, follistatin","volume":"154","author":"Nicolas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C185","first-page":"115","article-title":"An experimental study of the treatment of bacterial epididymitis","volume":"104","author":"Nielsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C186","first-page":"458","volume-title":"Urologic Surgical Pathology","author":"Nistal","year":"1997"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5858\/2002-126-0064-FOIUT","article-title":"Focal orchitis in undescended testes: discussion of pathogenetic mechanisms of tubular atrophy","volume":"126","author":"Nistal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00825.x","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: impact on male fertility","volume":"40","author":"Ochsendorf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.015","article-title":"Clinical, genetic, biochemical, and testicular biopsy findings among 1,213 men evaluated for infertility","volume":"107","author":"Olesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000473620","article-title":"Testicular function after unilateral bacterial epididymo-orchitis","volume":"19","author":"Osegbe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.5.1285","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat testis: evidence for potential roles in both normal function and inflammation-mediated infertility","volume":"63","author":"O\u2019Bryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw762","article-title":"Mumps outbreak among a highly vaccinated university community-New York City, January\u2013April 2014","volume":"64","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C193","article-title":"Persistence of Zika virus in body fluids\u2014preliminary report","author":"Paz-Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091990205","article-title":"Effects of immunization with Freund\u2019s complete adjuvant and isologous spermatozoa on the seminiferous epithelium and blood-testis barrier in guinea pigs","volume":"199","author":"Pelletier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12259","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12259","article-title":"Dual roles of endogenous and exogenous galectin-1 in the control of testicular immunopathology","volume":"5","author":"Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1995-5","article-title":"IL17A impairs blood-testis barrier integrity and induces testicular inflammation","volume":"358","author":"Perez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01165.x","article-title":"Impaired expression and distribution of adherens and gap junction proteins in the seminiferous tubules of rats undergoing autoimmune orchitis","volume":"34","author":"Perez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.101709","article-title":"Loss of occludin expression and impairment of blood-testis barrier permeability in rats with autoimmune orchitis: effect of interleukin 6 on Sertoli cell tight junctions","volume":"87","author":"Perez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu092","article-title":"Ultrasonographic caput epididymis diameter is reduced in non-obstructive azoospermia compared with normozoospermia but is not predictive for successful sperm retrieval after TESE","volume":"29","author":"Pezzella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.08.050","article-title":"Acute epididymitis in ultrasound: results of a prospective study with baseline and follow-up investigations in 134 patients","volume":"82","author":"Pilatz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C4000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.03.011","article-title":"Acute epididymitis induces alterations in sperm protein composition","volume":"101","author":"Pilatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000161","article-title":"Semen quality in HIV patients under stable antiretroviral therapy is impaired compared to WHO 2010 reference values and on sperm proteome level","volume":"28","author":"Pilatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12239","article-title":"Experimental Escherichia coli epididymitis in rats: assessment of testicular involvement in a long-term follow-up","volume":"47","author":"Pilatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.12.005","article-title":"Acute epididymitis revisited: impact of molecular diagnostics on etiology and contemporary guideline recommendations","volume":"68","author":"Pilatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-016-0151-0","article-title":"Infection and infertility","volume":"55","author":"Pilatz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(94)90019-1","article-title":"Immunology of the testicular excurrent ducts","volume":"26","author":"Pollanen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C206","first-page":"18","article-title":"Causes of male infertility: a 9-year prospective monocentre study on 1737 patients with reduced total sperm counts","volume":"32","author":"Punab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.05.005","article-title":"Developmental ontogeny of autoantigens associated with localized autoimmunity in murine testis and epididymis","volume":"87","author":"Qu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.151","article-title":"Mice with human immune system components as in vivo models for infections with human pathogens","volume":"89","author":"Ramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-0129-5","article-title":"Identification of a dendritic cell population in normal testis and in chronically inflamed testis of rats with autoimmune orchitis","volume":"324","author":"Rival","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2005.10.006","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and IL-6 receptor cell expression in testis of rats with autoimmune orchitis","volume":"70","author":"Rival","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam067","article-title":"Expression of co-stimulatory molecules, chemokine receptors and proinflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells from normal and chronically inflamed rat testis","volume":"13","author":"Rival","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2328","article-title":"Functional and phenotypic characteristics of testicular macrophages in experimental autoimmune orchitis","volume":"215","author":"Rival","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.08.004","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and vasectomy","volume":"100","author":"Rival","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.069930","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by in vivo and in vitro exposure of rat epididymis to lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia Coli","volume":"79","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C215","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Autoimmune orchitis, epididymitis, and vasitis are immunogenetically distinct lesions","volume":"152","author":"Roper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115746","article-title":"Vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"132","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.060191","article-title":"Susceptibility of human testis to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in situ and in vitro","volume":"169","author":"Roulet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C218","volume-title":"WHO Manual for the Standarized Investigation, Diagnosis and Management of the Infertile Male","author":"Rowe","year":"2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0726-8","article-title":"Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility","volume":"30","author":"Rusz","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(85)90105-9","article-title":"Experimental allergic orchitis in mice. I. A new model induced by immunization without adjuvants","volume":"37","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C221","first-page":"555","article-title":"Immune complex orchitis in infertile men. Immunoelectron microscopy of abnormal basement membrane structures","volume":"47","author":"Salomon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00404.x","article-title":"The role of physiological self-antigen in the acquisition and maintenance of regulatory T-cell function","volume":"212","author":"Samy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23280","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.229120","article-title":"Excess type I interferon signaling in the mouse seminiferous tubules leads to germ cell loss and sterility","volume":"286","author":"Satie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00430817","article-title":"Experimental allergic orchitis in mice. Histopathological and Immunological studies","volume":"392","author":"Sato","year":"1981","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2763-5_9","article-title":"Inflammatory conditions of the testis","volume-title":"Atlas of the human testis","author":"Schuppe","year":"2013"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C226","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immune privilege and inflammation of the testis","volume":"88","author":"Schuppe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem Immunol Allergy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00837.x","article-title":"Chronic orchitis: a neglected cause of male infertility?","volume":"40","author":"Schuppe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C228","first-page":"327","article-title":"Inflammatory reactions in testicular biopsies of infertile men","volume":"33","author":"Schuppe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C229","first-page":"339","article-title":"Urogenital infection as a risk factor for male infertility","volume":"114","author":"Schuppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39591-5","article-title":"Bacterial epididymitis in the rat: a model for assessing the impact of acute inflammation on epididymal antibiotic penetration","volume":"144","author":"See","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.3.705","article-title":"Distribution of immune cells in the epididymis of the aging Brown Norway rat is segment-specific and related to the luminal content","volume":"61","author":"Serre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2174\/157016205774370375","article-title":"Standing in the way of eradication: HIV-1 infection and treatment in the male genital tract","volume":"3","author":"Shehu-Xhilaga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55099-7","article-title":"Mumps orchitis among soldiers: frequency, effect on sperm quality, and sperm antibodies","volume":"57","author":"Shulman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1981.tb00074.x","article-title":"Quantitative and ultrastructural study of germinal epithelium in testicular biopsies with \u2018mixed atrophy\u2019","volume":"13","author":"Sigg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.024","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune orchitis","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1669","article-title":"Cancer\/testis antigens, gametogenesis and cancer","volume":"5","author":"Simpson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.109979","article-title":"The impact of color Doppler ultrasound on treatment patterns of epididymitis in a university-based healthcare system","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.10.063","article-title":"Absence of chlamydial deoxyribonucleic acid from testicular and epididymal samples from men with obstructive azoospermia","volume":"93","author":"Sripada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev112","article-title":"Epididymitis: ascending infection restricted by segmental boundaries","volume":"30","author":"Stammler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3700","article-title":"Locus controlling Bordetella pertussis-induced histamine sensitization (Bphs), an autoimmune disease-susceptibility gene, maps distal to T-cell receptor beta-chain gene on mouse chromosome 6","volume":"90","author":"Sudweeks","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1994.tb00478.x","article-title":"Alterations of testicular function after induced autoimmune orchitis in rats","volume":"15","author":"Suescun","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1700113","article-title":"Correlation between inhibin secretion and damage of seminiferous tubules in a model of experimental autoimmune orchitis","volume":"170","author":"Suescun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.011189","article-title":"Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis of autoimmune orchitis in rats","volume":"68","author":"Suescun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C243","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sympathetic auto-immune orchitis","volume":"27","author":"Suominen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1982.tb00277.x","article-title":"Lymphocyte infiltration in human testicular biopsies","volume":"5","author":"Suominen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2012.53.12.865","article-title":"Clinical features of mumps orchitis in vaccinated postpubertal males: a single-center series of 62 patients","volume":"53","author":"Tae","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.1.146","article-title":"Self tolerance and localized autoimmunity. Mouse models of autoimmune disease that suggest tissue-specific suppressor T cells are involved in self tolerance","volume":"165","author":"Taguchi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66724-7","article-title":"Local expression of cytokine messenger RNA in rat model of Escherichia coli epididymitis","volume":"154","author":"Tanaka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34480","article-title":"Autoimmune epididymoorchitis is essential to the pathogenesis of male-specific spondylarthritis in HLA-B27-transgenic rats","volume":"64","author":"Taurog","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C249","first-page":"18","article-title":"Clinical and Anamnestic Characteristics of Development of Antisperm Immunity in Infertile Men","author":"Tchiokadze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Georgian Med News"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.10.2041","article-title":"Experimental inoculation of male mice with murine cytomegalovirus and effect on offspring","volume":"16","author":"Tebourbi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35599","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35599","article-title":"Specific autoantigens identified by sera obtained from mice that are immunized with testicular germ cells alone","volume":"6","author":"Terayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(94)90021-3","article-title":"Experimental allergic orchitis in mice. VII. Preliminary characterization of the aspermatogenic autoantigens responsible for eliciting actively and passively induced disease","volume":"26","author":"Teuscher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del066","article-title":"Death receptor and mitochondrial pathways are involved in germ cell apoptosis in an experimental model of autoimmune orchitis","volume":"21","author":"Theas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2003.00074.x","article-title":"Germ cell apoptosis in autoimmune orchitis: involvement of the Fas-FasL system","volume":"50","author":"Theas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod58.4.943","article-title":"Characterization of lymphocytes in the adult rat testis by flow cytometry: effects of activin and transforming growth factor beta on lymphocyte subsets in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Tompkins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30043-2","article-title":"Concepts in diagnosis and therapy for male reproductive impairment","volume":"5","author":"Tournaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30040-7","article-title":"Novel concepts in the aetiology of male reproductive impairment","volume":"5","author":"Tournaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C258","first-page":"2769","article-title":"Semen analysis in unilateral epididymitis","volume":"68","author":"Tozzo","year":"1968","journal-title":"N Y State J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C266","first-page":"313","article-title":"The immunopathology of experimental allergic orchitis","volume":"60","author":"Tung","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.120.1.320","article-title":"Immunopathology of experimental allergic orchitis in the rabbit","volume":"120","author":"Tung","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.154.4.1016","article-title":"The black mink (Mustela vison). A natural model of immunologic male infertility","volume":"154","author":"Tung","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-114-3-922","article-title":"The dark mink: a model of male infertility","volume":"114","author":"Tung","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C264","first-page":"303","article-title":"Murine autoimmune oophoritis, epididymoorchitis, and gastritis induced by day 3 thymectomy. Autoantibodies","volume":"126","author":"Tung","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.3.752","article-title":"Distribution of histopathology and Ia positive cells in actively induced and passively transferred experimental autoimmune orchitis","volume":"138","author":"Tung","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C263","first-page":"308","article-title":"Immunologic basis of reproductive failure","volume":"33","author":"Tung","year":"1991","journal-title":"Monogr Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-980021","article-title":"Elucidation of autoimmune disease mechanism based on testicular and ovarian autoimmune disease models","volume":"27","author":"Tung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/1.1.35","article-title":"Mechanisms of autoimmune disease in the testis and ovary","volume":"1","author":"Tung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89927","article-title":"Egress of sperm autoantigen from seminiferous tubules maintains systemic tolerance","volume":"127","author":"Tung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.02.037","article-title":"Cytokine responses to E. coli-induced epididymitis in the rat: blockade by vasectomy","volume":"77","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C270","first-page":"87","article-title":"Classification of andrological disorders","volume-title":"Andrology Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction","author":"T\u00fcttelmann","year":"2010"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f4de10","article-title":"Effects of antiretroviral therapy on semen quality","volume":"22","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.4.846","article-title":"Comparative efficacies of ofloxacin, cefotaxime, and doxycycline for treatment of experimental epididymitis due to Escherichia coli in rats","volume":"37","author":"Vieler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E14-08-1323","article-title":"Androgen receptor modulates Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells","volume":"26","author":"Walecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12536","article-title":"The role of dendritic cells in male reproductive tract","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700162","article-title":"Characterization of the micro-environment of the testis that shapes the phenotype and function of testicular macrophages","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C276","first-page":"277","article-title":"[Initial therapy of acute unilateral epididymitis using ofloxacin. II. Andrological findings]","volume":"29","author":"Weidner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C277","first-page":"524","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Reproduction.","author":"Weidner","year":"1998"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.421","article-title":"Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis","volume":"5","author":"Weidner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00828.x","article-title":"Acute bacterial prostatitis and chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: andrological implications","volume":"40","author":"Weidner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-013-1082-7","article-title":"Male urogenital infections: impact of infection and inflammation on ejaculate parameters","volume":"31","author":"Weidner","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-32-6-1075","article-title":"Mumps orchitis and testicular atrophy; a factor in male sterility","volume":"32","author":"Werner","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM192010281831809","article-title":"Orchitis in Mumps","volume":"183","author":"Wesselhoeft","year":"1920","journal-title":"Boston Med Surg J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017615108","article-title":"Regulatory T cells control tolerogenic versus autoimmune response to sperm in vasectomy","volume":"108","author":"Wheeler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817002102","article-title":"An outbreak of mumps with genetic strain variation in a highly vaccinated student population in Scotland","volume":"145","author":"Willocks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425909354764","article-title":"Differential responses of epithelial Sertoli cells of the rat testis to Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 ligands: implications for studies of testicular inflammation using bacterial lipopolysaccharides","volume":"17","author":"Winnall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1010557","article-title":"Rat resident testicular macrophages have an alternatively activated phenotype and constitutively produce interleukin-10 in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Winnall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4A0914-438R","article-title":"Simian immunodeficiency virus infection and immune responses in the pig-tailed macaque testis","volume":"97","author":"Winnall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57588-8","article-title":"The biologic significance of white blood cells in semen","volume":"63","author":"Wolff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)61567-2","article-title":"On the etiology of epididymitis","volume":"105","author":"Wolin","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-3-444","article-title":"Transient hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by critical illness","volume":"60","author":"Woolf","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C291","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Workowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19507","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19507","article-title":"Mumps virus-induced innate immune responses in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.11.028","article-title":"TGF-beta3 and TNFalpha perturb blood-testis barrier (BTB) dynamics by accelerating the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of integral membrane proteins: a new concept of BTB regulation during spermatogenesis","volume":"327","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044776","article-title":"Orchitis: a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"74","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.2.275","article-title":"Cytotoxic phenotype of intra-epithelial lymphocytes in normal and cryptorchid human testicular excurrent ducts","volume":"17","author":"Yakirevich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00491-X","article-title":"Role of interferon-alpha-2B in prevention of testicular atrophy with unilateral mumps orchitis","volume":"55","author":"Yeniyol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.4.1161","article-title":"Autoantigenic germ cells exist outside the blood testis barrier","volume":"141","author":"Yule","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3109\/08916938909019961","article-title":"Actively-induced experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) in Lewis\/NCR rats: sequential histo- and immunopathologic analysis","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180623112748_dmy009C299","first-page":"433","article-title":"Differences in innate immune response between man and mouse","volume":"34","author":"Zschaler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction Update"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article-pdf\/24\/4\/416\/25080083\/dmy009.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T14:07:45Z","timestamp":1751465265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humupd\/article\/24\/4\/416\/4965836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"references-count":304,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmy009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-4786","1460-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-4786","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]}}}