{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1771274812955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence and clinical features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) vary among different racial and ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and phenotypic features of Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in South Asian patients living in the United States with those of a white cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The demographic, clinical, and phenotypic characteristics of 73 South Asian patients (31 CD and 42 UC) who presented initially to our tertiary referral center from 2012 to 2016 and had subsequent follow-up were retrospectively compared with those of 408 consecutive white patients (245 CD and 163 UC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>South Asian IBD patients were significantly more likely to have UC (58.0% vs 40.0%; P = 0.005) than white patients. South Asians with CD were less likely to have a family history of IBD (9.7% vs 26.9%; P = 0.037) and required fewer CD-related surgeries (22.5% vs 46.1; P = 0.012). South Asians were also less likely to be active or former smokers in both the CD (P = 0.004) and UC (P = 0.020) groups. South Asians with UC had a higher incidence of Clostridium difficile infection compared with white patients (19.0% vs 8.6%; P = 0.050).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of South Asian patients with IBD were more likely to have UC and had differing family and tobacco risk factors, requirements for surgery, and Clostridium difficile infection rates as compared with white patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T10:03:23Z","timestamp":1583575403000},"page":"1869-1877","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparison of Disease Phenotypes and Clinical Characteristics Among South Asian and White Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease at a Tertiary Referral Center"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vimal","family":"Bodiwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Kean University, Union, NJ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiron M","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"},{"name":"Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Center of New Jersey, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven R","family":"Brant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"},{"name":"Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Center of New Jersey, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren N","family":"Seril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"},{"name":"Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Center of New Jersey, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.190","article-title":"Distribution and manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans: a systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Hou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20389","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and African Americans: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mahid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520150218002","article-title":"A critical review of epidemiological studies in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Farrokhyar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8123","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i36.8123","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in India - past, present and future","volume":"22","author":"Ray","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0469-6","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease in India: a multicenter study from a country where tuberculosis is endemic","volume":"54","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.11.1587","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in Punjab, North India","volume":"52","author":"Sood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0007","first-page":"619","article-title":"Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in pediatric and adult populations: recent estimates from large national databases in the United States, 2007\u20132016","volume":"26","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz092","article-title":"Comparative incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in different age groups in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Keyashian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0009"},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.52","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in immigrants to Canada and their children: a population-based cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Benchimol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200108000-00013","article-title":"Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.85","article-title":"Differences in inflammatory bowel disease phenotype between South Asians and Northern Europeans living in North West London, UK","volume":"106","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01438.x","article-title":"The effects of migration on ulcerative colitis: a three year prospective study among Europeans and first and second generation South Asians in Leicester (1991\u20131994)","volume":"9","author":"Carr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0014","first-page":"17","article-title":"How necessary is colectomy? An epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis amongst ethnic groups in Leicestershire","volume":"5","author":"Probert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Euro J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02158.x","article-title":"An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia","volume":"103","author":"Thia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.007","article-title":"Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-Pacific Crohn\u2019s and colitis epidemiology study","volume":"145","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.5.687","article-title":"Epidemiological study of ulcerative proctocolitis in Indian migrants and the indigenous population of Leicestershire","volume":"33","author":"Probert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.06.035","article-title":"High prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in United States residents of Indian ancestry","volume":"13","author":"Malhotra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.08.002","article-title":"Ethnicity and the risk of development of Crohn\u2019s disease of the ileal pouch","volume":"7","author":"Mukewar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv202","article-title":"Temporal change in phenotypic behaviour in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: do indian patients behave differently from western and other Asian patients?","volume":"10","author":"Kalaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.34","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD","volume":"12","author":"Ananthakrishan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0022","volume-title":"Reports of the Surgeon General. The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"National Center for Chronic Disease P, Health Promotion Ofce on S, Health","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.165","article-title":"The importance of smoking cessation in improving disease course in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"111","author":"To","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S104652","article-title":"Cigarette smoking adversely affects disease activity and disease-specific quality of life in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease at a tertiary referral center","volume":"9","author":"Quezada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v8.i1.158","article-title":"An analysis of 10218 ulcerative colitis cases in China","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000465522","article-title":"Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in India: the great shift East","volume":"2","author":"Kedia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Intest Dis."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5142-0","article-title":"Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a comparison of China, India, and the USA","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13815","article-title":"Effect of oral tobacco use and smoking on outcomes of Crohn\u2019s disease in India","volume":"33","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0258-1","article-title":"Survey of inflammatory bowel diseases in India","volume":"31","author":"Makharia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01360-10","article-title":"Real-time analysis of mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in India","volume":"48","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078824","article-title":"Gut-associated bacterial microbiota in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Conte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01512-08","article-title":"Dynamics of the mucosa-associated flora in ulcerative colitis patients during remission and clinical relapse","volume":"46","author":"Ott","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01720-06","article-title":"Structural shifts of mucosa-associated lactobacilli and Clostridium leptum subgroup in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-010-0368-4","article-title":"Comparison of the fecal microbiota profiles between ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis","volume":"46","author":"Andoh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2020120619125542500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-8-4-491","article-title":"The faecal flora in ulcerative colitis","volume":"8","author":"van der Wiel-Korstanje","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/26\/12\/1869\/34397909\/izaa019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/26\/12\/1869\/34397909\/izaa019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T02:05:57Z","timestamp":1614737157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article\/26\/12\/1869\/5799010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaa019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-0998","1536-4844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-0998","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]}}}