{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:11:24Z","timestamp":1788315084679,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The use of biological agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been on the rise.1,2 Current biological therapies include antitumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (anti-TNF-\u03b1), anti-interleukin-12\/23, and anti-integrin agents. Before initiation of biological drugs, screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is required to avoid reactivation or worsening of disease after immunosuppression. It has been shown that anti-TNF-\u03b1 treated patients have a 14-fold increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection\/reactivation compared with healthy controls.3 The methods for screening for TB have evolved over time and vary from region to region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T06:20:09Z","timestamp":1591078809000},"page":"1315-1318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Approach to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening Before Biologic Therapy in IBD Patients: PPD or IGRA?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jana G","family":"Hashash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Abou Fadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bellevue Medical Center , Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hosni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Hassoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeina","family":"Kanafani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel D","family":"Regueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition , Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2014.47827","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors\u2013state of knowledge","volume":"10","author":"Lis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of medical science: AMS"},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw129","article-title":"Negative screening does not rule out the risk of tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing Anti-TNF treatment: a descriptive study on the GETAID Cohort","volume":"10","author":"Abitbol","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy057","article-title":"A prospective study to monitor for tuberculosis during anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.12.013","article-title":"Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Rahier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0005","author":"Tuberculosis Testing & Diagnosis"},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw694","article-title":"Official American Thoracic Society\/Infectious Diseases Society of America\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children","volume":"64","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0007","article-title":"Comparison of the accuracy of QantiFERON TB Gold in tube vs QantiFERON-TB plus","volume":"48 (suppl 60):PA2112","author":"Vanini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-13","article-title":"Gamma interferon release assays for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"27","author":"Pai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"2022092615181275300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201405-188OC","article-title":"Reproducibility of interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) release Assays. 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