{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:45:17Z","timestamp":1790207117746,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Epidemiological trends have led to a growing consensus that diet plays a central role in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A Western diet high in ultra-processed foods has been associated with an increased prevalence of IBD worldwide. Much attention has focused on components of the Western diet, including the high fat content, lack of fiber, added sugars, and use of additives, such as carrageenan and other emulsifiers. Less attention has been paid to the impact of high salt intake, an integral component of ultra-processed foods, which has increased dramatically in the US diet over the past 50 years. We review a growing body of literature linking the rise in dietary salt intake with the epidemiology of IBD, increased consumption of salt as a component of ultra-processed foods, high salt intake and imbalances in immune homeostasis, the effects of a high-salt diet on other inflammatory disorders, salt\u2019s impact on animal colitis models, salt as an underrecognized component in diet modification\u2013induced remission of IBD, and directions for future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T14:06:09Z","timestamp":1649167569000},"page":"140-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Is Salt at Fault? Dietary Salt Consumption and Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences , Toledo, OH , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J D","family":"O\u2019Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Presbyterian Hospital , Pittsburgh, PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Ramos del Aguila de Rivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippos","family":"Koutroumpakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Presbyterian Hospital , Pittsburgh, PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G","family":"Binion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Presbyterian Hospital , Pittsburgh, PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.2047fta","article-title":"Lewis Dahl and the genetics of salt-induced hypertension","volume":"204","author":"Bashyam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0002","first-page":"576","article-title":"Dietary goals for the United States: statement of The American Medical Association to the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, United States Senate","volume":"60","year":"1977","journal-title":"R I Med J."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0003","author":"World Health Organization."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000047","article-title":"Salt sensitivity of blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"68","author":"Elijovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"50","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0005","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of excess dietary sodium intake\u2013United States, 2003\u20132010","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073349","article-title":"Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Briefel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111761","article-title":"Cross-sectional analysis of overall dietary intake and Mediterranean dietary pattern in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0008","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001","article-title":"Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review.","volume":"142","author":"Molodecky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.3.336","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940\u20131993: incidence, prevalence, and survival","volume":"46","author":"Loftus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70421-4","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940\u20131993: incidence, prevalence, and survival","volume":"114","author":"Loftus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02158.x","article-title":"An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia","volume":"103","author":"Thia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0013","first-page":"40","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in Accra: what new trends","volume":"32","author":"Archampong","year":"2013","journal-title":"West Afr J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.82067","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in Nigerians: still a rare diagnosis?","volume":"10","author":"Ukwenya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051033","article-title":"Implications of the Westernized diet in the onset and progression of IBD","volume":"11","author":"Rizzello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020574","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020574","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and associated sociodemographic factors in the USA between 2007 and 2012: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Baraldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.006","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods predicts diet quality in Canada","volume":"108","author":"Moubarac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017001434","article-title":"The share of ultra-processed foods determines the overall nutritional quality of diets in Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Louzada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017002129","article-title":"Energy contribution of NOVA food groups and sociodemographic determinants of ultra-processed food consumption in the Mexican population","volume":"21","author":"Marr\u00f3n-Ponce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2010001100005","article-title":"New classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing","volume":"26","author":"Monteiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00107F","article-title":"Minimally processed foods are more satiating and less hyperglycemic than ultra-processed foods: a preliminary study with 98 ready-to-eat foods","volume":"7","author":"Fardet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0023","first-page":"385","article-title":"Chapter 11 Sodium dietary reference intakes: risk characterization and special considerations for public health.","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071955","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2022.01.001","article-title":"High sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with increased health care utilization in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multiyear, prospective analysis [published online ahead of print January 6, 2022].","author":"Ahsan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0026","article-title":"Association of ultra-processed food intake with risk of inflammatory bowel disease: prospective cohort study","volume":"374","author":"Narula","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.12.036","article-title":"High dietary intake of specific fatty acids increases risk of flares in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission during treatment with aminosalicylates","volume":"15","author":"Barnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.026","article-title":"Low-fat, high-fiber diet reduces markers of inflammation and dysbiosis and improves quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"Fritsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600545","article-title":"Digestive fate of dietary carrageenan: evidence of interference with digestive proteolysis and disruption of gut epithelial function.","volume":"61","author":"Fahoum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-170023","article-title":"A randomized trial of the effects of the no-carrageenan diet on ulcerative colitis disease activity","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Healthy Aging."},{"issue":"7541","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","article-title":"Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome","volume":"519","author":"Chassaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.34","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD","volume":"12","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073439","article-title":"Salt-dependent chemotaxis of macrophages.","volume":"8","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.87","article-title":"High salt primes a specific activation state of macrophages, M(Na)","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.11.001","article-title":"Sodium chloride promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization thereby aggravating CNS autoimmunity.","volume":"67","author":"Hucke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80919","article-title":"High salt reduces the activation of IL-4- and IL-13-stimulated macrophages.","volume":"125","author":"Binger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.10.002","article-title":"Dendritic cell amiloride-sensitive channels mediate sodium-induced inflammation and hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Barbaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81151","article-title":"Sodium chloride inhibits the suppressive function of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells.","volume":"125","author":"Hernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.100","article-title":"Th17 cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity against infectious diseases at the mucosa","volume":"2","author":"Khader","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"7446","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11868","article-title":"Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells","volume":"496","author":"Kleinewietfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7446","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11984","article-title":"Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1","volume":"496","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7682","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24628","article-title":"Salt-responsive gut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease","volume":"551","author":"Wilck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.11.007","article-title":"Effects of dietary salt levels on monocytic cells and immune responses in healthy human subjects: a longitudinal study","volume":"166","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060332","article-title":"Variation in dietary salt intake induces coordinated dynamics of monocyte subsets and monocyte-platelet aggregates in humans: implications in end organ inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02035","article-title":"Human monocyte subsets and phenotypes in major chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Kapellos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00628.x","article-title":"Th17 cells in human disease","volume":"223","author":"Tesmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01027","article-title":"Cell metabolism: a new perspective on Th17\/Treg cell imbalance in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu330","article-title":"Interaction between dietary sodium and smoking increases the risk for rheumatoid arthritis: results from a nested case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf Engl)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-209009","article-title":"High sodium chloride consumption enhances the effects of smoking but does not interact with SGK1 polymorphisms in the development of ACPA-positive status in patients with RA","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"37","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0924","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000924","article-title":"High sodium intake is associated with self-reported rheumatoid arthritis: a cross sectional and case control analysis within the SUN cohort","volume":"94","author":"Salgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186157","article-title":"Sodium excretion is higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in matched controls","volume":"12","author":"Marouen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00229-3","article-title":"Immunological pathogenesis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"16","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28065","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28065","article-title":"High salt promotes autoimmunity by TET2-induced DNA demethylation and driving the differentiation of Tfh cells","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R448","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00070.2020","article-title":"Blood pressure and albuminuria in a female mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus: impact of long-term high salt consumption","volume":"319","author":"Dent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320908934","article-title":"Tissue sodium content in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity and markers of inflammation","volume":"29","author":"Carranza-Le\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184449","article-title":"The role of dietary sodium intake on the modulation of T helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Scrivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307928","article-title":"Sodium intake is associated with increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Farez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24965","article-title":"Sodium intake and multiple sclerosis activity and progression in BENEFIT","volume":"82","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.02.011","article-title":"A case-control study of dietary salt intake in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313410","article-title":"Dietary salt intake and time to relapse in paediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"87","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00130807","article-title":"Dietary patterns and asthma in the E3N study.","volume":"33","author":"Varraso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208375","article-title":"Cured meat intake is associated with worsening asthma symptoms","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.6_Supplement.143S","article-title":"A diet rich in sodium may potentiate asthma. Epidemiologic evidence for a new hypothesis","volume":"91","author":"Burney","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"6534","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6534.1483","article-title":"Response to inhaled histamine and 24 hour sodium excretion","volume":"292","author":"Burney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.48.7.714","article-title":"Effect of alterations of dietary sodium on the severity of asthma in men","volume":"48","author":"Carey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.4.1138","article-title":"Are asthmatics salt-sensitive? A preliminary controlled study","volume":"104","author":"Medici","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0067","first-page":"CD000436","article-title":"Dietary salt reduction or exclusion for allergic asthma.","author":"Ardern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0068","first-page":"CD000436","article-title":"Dietary sodium manipulation and asthma","volume":"2011","author":"Pogson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.055","article-title":"Salt reduction to prevent hypertension and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"75","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0152-0","article-title":"Sodium sensitivity of blood pressure in Chinese populations.","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406960","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/406960","article-title":"Roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction in hypertension","volume":"2014","author":"Dinh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2000.00380.x","article-title":"Renal expression of constitutive NOS and DDAH: separate effects of salt intake and angiotensin","volume":"58","author":"Tojo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000092145.90389.65","article-title":"Salt intake, oxidative stress, and renal expression of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase","volume":"14","author":"Kitiyakara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"41","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707791104","article-title":"Plasma sodium stiffens vascular endothelium and reduces nitric oxide release.","volume":"104","author":"Oberleithner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.032","article-title":"Postprandial effects of a high salt meal on serum sodium, arterial stiffness, markers of nitric oxide production and markers of endothelial function.","volume":"232","author":"Dickinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.006155","article-title":"Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects.","volume":"93","author":"Dickinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.078","article-title":"A reduction of 3\u00a0g\/day from a usual 9\u00a0g\/day salt diet improves endothelial function and decreases endothelin-1 in a randomised cross over study in normotensive overweight and obese subjects.","volume":"233","author":"Dickinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00699-1","article-title":"Acquired microvascular dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease: loss of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation","volume":"125","author":"Hatoum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1323","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00499.2006","article-title":"Increased arginase activity and endothelial dysfunction in human inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"292","author":"Horowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00391-9","article-title":"Deficient iNOS in inflammatory bowel disease intestinal microvascular endothelial cells results in increased leukocyte adhesion","volume":"29","author":"Binion","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17791794","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i16.1779","article-title":"Sodium chloride exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by tuning proinflammatory and antiinflammatory lamina propria mononuclear cells through p38\/MAPK pathway in mice","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw139","article-title":"Sodium chloride-enriched diet enhanced inflammatory cytokine production and exacerbated experimental colitis in mice.","volume":"11","author":"Monteleone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0433-4","article-title":"High salt diet exacerbates colitis in mice by decreasing Lactobacillus levels and butyrate production","volume":"6","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700356","article-title":"Dietary salt exacerbates experimental colitis.","volume":"199","author":"Tubbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.860557","article-title":"The role of total parenteral nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: current aspects","volume":"49","author":"Triantafillidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.01.020","article-title":"Exclusive enteral nutrition in Crohn\u2019s disease: Evidence and practicalities","volume":"38","author":"Ashton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.11.002","article-title":"ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"39","author":"Bischoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03120.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of an \u2018half elemental diet\u2019 as maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomized-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Takagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.00079","article-title":"An overview of the role of exclusive enteral nutrition for complicated Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Adamji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intest Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200007000-00005","article-title":"Enteral nutrition and corticosteroids in the treatment of acute Crohn\u2019s disease in children","volume":"31","author":"Heuschkel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000660","article-title":"Exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"30","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75306-z","article-title":"Exclusive enteral nutrition mediates gut microbial and metabolic changes that are associated with remission in children with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Diederen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0093","author":"Ensure Plus."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0094","author":"Boost Original."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0095","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.054","article-title":"Diet in treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"19","author":"Sasson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000810","article-title":"Should high-fiber diets be recommended for patients with inflammatory bowel disease?","volume":"38","author":"Kuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.05.047","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing the specific carbohydrate diet to a Mediterranean diet in adults with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"161","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6114651","article-title":"Measuring population sodium intake: a review of methods","volume":"6","author":"McLean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"2023010801581264200_CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.2.626S","article-title":"The INTERSALT Study: background, methods, findings, and implications.","volume":"65","author":"Stamler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."}],"container-title":["Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ibd\/izac058\/43288158\/izac058.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/29\/1\/140\/48343026\/izac058.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/29\/1\/140\/48343026\/izac058.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T01:59:37Z","timestamp":1673143177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article\/29\/1\/140\/6563753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izac058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-0998","1536-4844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-0998","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]}}}