{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:39:06Z","timestamp":1772138346399,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Takeda Pharmaceuticals"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007827","name":"American College of Gastroenterology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000871","name":"Mayo Clinic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immunosuppressive therapies may have a blunted response to certain vaccines, including the messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. However, few studies have evaluated the cell-mediated immune response (CMIR), which is critical to host defense after COVID-19 infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response and CMIR after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study (HERCULES [HumoRal and CellULar initial and Sustained immunogenicity in patients with IBD] study) evaluated humoral immune response and CMIR after completion of 2 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in 158 IBD patients and 20 healthy control (HC) subjects. The primary outcome was the CMIR to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in patients with IBD. The secondary outcomes were a comparison of (1) the CMIR in patients with IBD and HC subjects, (2) CMIR and humoral immune response in all participants, and (3) correlation between CMIR and humoral immune response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority (89%) of patients with IBD developed a CMIR, which was not different vs HC subjects (94%) (P\u2005=\u2005.6667). There was no significant difference (P\u2005=\u2005.5488) in CMIR between immunocompetent (median 255 [interquartile range, 146-958] spike T cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and immunosuppressed patients (median 377 [interquartile range, 123-1440]). There was no correlation between humoral and cell-mediated immunity after vaccination (P\u2005=\u2005.5215). In univariable analysis, anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy was associated with a higher CMIRs (P\u2005=\u2005.02) and confirmed in a multivariable model (P\u2005=\u2005.02). No other variables were associated with CMIR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most patients with IBD achieved CMIR to a COVID-19 vaccine. Future studies are needed evaluating sustained CMIR and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T12:19:27Z","timestamp":1663157967000},"page":"1202-1209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Higher Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Anti-TNF Therapy After COVID-19 Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freddy","family":"Caldera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis A","family":"Farraye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian M","family":"Necela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology , Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davitte","family":"Cogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology , Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumona","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Wald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nader D","family":"Daoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D and Specialty Medicine, LabCorp , Calabasas, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean R","family":"Van Helden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie D","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abinash","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adil E","family":"Bharucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tushar C","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory J","family":"Gores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN , 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