{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:12:54Z","timestamp":1787800374727,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Glasgow Children\u2019s Hospital Charity"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010886","name":", Nestl\u00e9 Health Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an effective treatment for active Crohn\u2019s disease (CD). This study explored the immunostimulatory potential of a cell-free fecal filtrate and related this with changes in the fecal microbiota and metabolites in children with active CD undertaking treatment with EEN.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Production of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured following their stimulation with cell-free fecal slurries from children with CD, before, during, and at completion of EEN. The metabolomic profile of the feces used was quantified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and their microbiota composition with 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Following treatment with EEN, 8 (72%) of 11 patients demonstrated a reduction in fecal calprotectin (FC) &amp;gt;50% and were subsequently labeled FC responders. In this subgroup, TNF\u03b1 production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was reduced during EEN (P = .008) and reached levels like healthy control subjects. In parallel to these changes, the fecal concentrations of acetate, butyrate, propionate, choline, and uracil significantly decreased in FC responders, and p-cresol significantly increased. At EEN completion, TNF\u03b1 production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was positively correlated with butyrate (rho\u2005=\u20050.70; P = .016). Microbiota structure (\u03b2 diversity) was influenced by EEN treatment, and a total of 28 microbial taxa changed significantly in fecal calprotectin responders. At EEN completion, TNF\u03b1 production positively correlated with the abundance of fiber fermenters from Lachnospiraceae_UCG-004 and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and negatively with Hungatella and Eisenbergiella tayi.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study offers proof-of concept data to suggest that the efficacy of EEN may result from modulation of diet-dependent microbes and their products that cause inflammation in patients with CD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T05:54:34Z","timestamp":1720590874000},"page":"2457-2466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Treatment of Active Crohn\u2019s Disease With Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Diminishes the Immunostimulatory Potential of Fecal Microbial Products"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Kerbiriou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Mascellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Havlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children and Young People , Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Children , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Dundee , Dundee ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4384-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Milling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gerasimidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2024121018564693800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2017.10.005","article-title":"Medical management of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Baldwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121018564693800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa161","article-title":"The medical management of paediatric Crohn\u2019s disease: an ECCO-ESPGHAN guideline update","volume":"15","author":"van Rheenen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns 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