{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:22:20Z","timestamp":1787008940939,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the increasing legalization of medical and recreational cannabis, patients and providers have growing interest in the role of cannabinoids in treating inflammatory bowel disease. Prior meta-analysis has shown inconclusive evidence for efficacy of cannabinoids. We sought to produce an up-to-date meta-analysis that pools new data to evaluate the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids in both Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and CINAHL were queried for randomized-controlled trials evaluating the impact cannabinoids in CD or UC. Random effects modeling was used to compute pooled estimates of risk difference. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight studies, including 4 studies of CD, 3 studies of UC, and 1 study of both diseases met inclusion criteria. Among 5 studies of CD, a statistically significant decrease in clinical disease activity following intervention was observed (risk ratios [RR],\u2005 \u22120.91; 95% CI, CI:1.54 to CI:0.28, I2\u2005=\u200571.9%). Clinical disease activity in UC was not significantly lower in the pooled analysis (RR, \u22122.13; 95% CI, \u22124.80 to 0.55; I2\u2005=\u200590.3%). Improvement in quality of life (QoL) was observed in both CD and UC combined (RR, 1.79; 95% CI, 0.92-0.2.66; I2\u2005=\u200582.8%), as well as individually. No differences were observed in the analysis on endoscopic disease activity and inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis of clinical trials suggests that cannabinoids are associated with improved quality of life in both CD and UC, as well as improved disease activity but not inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:44:26Z","timestamp":1720313066000},"page":"450-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Meta-analysis of the Therapeutic Impact of Cannabinoids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Hansol","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9325-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J","family":"Schmoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0001","author":"Sacco","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0002"},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0003","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP22-07-01-005, NSDUH Series H-57). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.035","article-title":"Patterns of cannabis use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population based analysis","volume":"156","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328349bb4c","article-title":"Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Lal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0001","article-title":"Endocannabinoids in the gut","volume":"1","author":"DiPatrizio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790803","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.790803","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system as a promising therapeutic target in in\ufb02ammatory bowel disease \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Hryhorowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000435851.94391.37","article-title":"Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Allegretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy141","article-title":"Legalization of medicinal marijuana has minimal impact on use patterns in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"24","author":"Merker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001474","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use in young adults with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"64","author":"Phatak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001393","article-title":"A Systematic review with meta-analysis of the efficacy of cannabis and cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Doeve","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab069","article-title":"Oral CBD-rich cannabis induces clinical but not endoscopic response in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease, a randomised controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Naftali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246871","article-title":"Cannabis is associated with clinical but not endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Naftali","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685289","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.685289","article-title":"Endocannabinoid levels in ulcerative colitis patients correlate with clinical parameters and are affected by cannabis consumption","volume":"12","author":"Matalon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"issue":"71","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0016","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane","author":"Higgins","year":"2023"},{"issue":"l4898","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S306","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx180.525","article-title":"Cannabis induces clinical and endoscopic improvement in moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC)","volume":"12","author":"Naftali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"8S","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A75","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab069","article-title":"Cannabis induces clinical response but no endoscopic response in Crohn\u2019s disease patients","volume":"6","author":"Naftali","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4540-z","article-title":"Low-dose cannabidiol is safe but not effective in the treatment for Crohn\u2019s disease, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Naftali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.034","article-title":"Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Naftali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy002","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, pilot study of cannabidiol-rich botanical extract in the symptomatic treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"24","author":"Irving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2020.0516","article-title":"Evidence supporting the benefits of marijuana for Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis is extremely limited: a meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Desmarais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000440982.79036.d6","article-title":"Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with in\ufb02ammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Storr","year":"2014","journal-title":"In\ufb02amm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e047717","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047717","article-title":"Opioid sparing effects of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies","volume":"11","author":"Noori","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06301-x","article-title":"A randomized trial of medical cannabis in patients with stage IV cancers to assess feasibility, dose requirements, impact on pain and opioid use, safety, and overall patient satisfaction","volume":"29","author":"Zylla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer."},{"issue":"23","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18472","article-title":"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"320","author":"Busse","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.479","article-title":"Increased mortality rates with prolonged corticosteroid therapy when compared with antitumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-directed therapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"113","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.218","article-title":"Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in the TREATTM registry","volume":"107","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00014-5","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Barberio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001782","article-title":"Medical cannabis use patterns and adverse effects in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"57","author":"Greywood","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5040-5","article-title":"Profiles of patients who use medical marijuana for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"63","author":"Kerlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz272","article-title":"Cannabis use in persons with inflammatory bowel disease and vulnerability to substance misuse","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000440982.79036.d6","article-title":"Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Storr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025021012310007600_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad151","article-title":"The impact of cannabis use on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based longitudinal cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Glickman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."}],"container-title":["Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ibd\/izae158\/58954064\/izae158.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/2\/450\/58954064\/izae158.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/2\/450\/58954064\/izae158.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T07:38:20Z","timestamp":1739173100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article\/31\/2\/450\/7743320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izae158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-0998","1536-4844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-0998","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]}}}