{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:48:50Z","timestamp":1784872130670,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Approximately 70% of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The IBD therapies currently used to treat PSC-IBD patients have side effects and can be costly. Oral vancomycin (OV)\u2014a safe, economical, and convenient therapy\u2014has been reported to be a salvage therapy in refractory PSC-IBD patients. This systematic review aims to summarize the current literature regarding the effectiveness and safety of OV to treat IBD in PSC patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic literature review of Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and CINAHL was performed until March 2024. The Murad scale, Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool were used to determine the quality of the case reports and case series, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trial (RCT), respectively. The outcomes sought were response or remission across clinical, biochemical, endoscopic, and histological parameters.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 1725 published studies, we identified 9 case reports, 7 case series, 3 cohort studies, and 1 RCT. Most studies reported an improvement in clinical IBD symptoms such as diarrhea and hematochezia. Fewer publications provided supporting objective data in the form of fecal calprotectin, endoscopic Mayo scores, and histology. There were no reports of vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral vancomycin appears safe and effective to treat IBD in a subset of PSC patients. Future studies would benefit from prospective data collection incorporating standardized symptomatic, endoscopic, and histologic indices. Ultimately, a well-powered RCT is needed to better assess the effectiveness, safety, and durability of OV therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T13:59:35Z","timestamp":1730728775000},"page":"2027-2035","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Effectiveness of Oral Vancomycin on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naik","family":"Arbabzada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"Dennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Geoffrey and Robyn Sperber Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6701-8980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanmin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1865-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Peerani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31560","article-title":"Oral vancomycin, ursodeoxycholic acid, or no therapy for pediatric primary sclerosing cholangitis: a matched analysis","volume":"73","author":"Deneau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32771","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Bowlus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl16510","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review of the phenotype and associated specific features","volume":"12","author":"Palmela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Liver."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-018-0620-2","article-title":"The IBD and PSC phenotypes of PSC-IBD","volume":"20","author":"Ricciuto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00690-y","article-title":"The microbiota and the gut\u2013liver axis in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"20","author":"Hov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2021.00344","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a review","volume":"10","author":"Da Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.07.005","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation","volume":"63","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-020-01272-8","article-title":"The role of oral vancomycin in inducing remission for biologic-experienced ulcerative colitis with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and liver transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-07826-3","article-title":"Besting the biologics: vancomycin monotherapy for ulcerative colitis management in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"68","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.163","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"108","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/830291","article-title":"The natural history of inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation\u2014a single-centre experience","volume":"24","author":"Moncrief","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz027","article-title":"Oral vancomycin induces and maintains remission of ulcerative colitis in the subset of patients with associated primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"25","author":"Dao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6520-6","article-title":"Surgical management of ulcerative colitis in the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"46","author":"Poritz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571274","article-title":"New therapeutic strategies for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"36","author":"Williamson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311004","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD","volume":"65","author":"Sabino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310500","article-title":"The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls","volume":"66","author":"Kummen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311915","article-title":"The gut-adherent microbiota of PSC-IBD is distinct to that of IBD","volume":"66","author":"Quraishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13552","article-title":"The features of mucosa-associated microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"43","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa021","article-title":"A pilot integrative analysis of colonic gene expression, gut microbiota, and immune infiltration in primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease: association of disease with bile acid pathways","volume":"14","author":"Quraishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15375","article-title":"Consistent alterations in faecal microbiomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis independent of associated colitis","volume":"50","author":"R\u00fchlemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad025","article-title":"Microbial-immune crosstalk in elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: unchartered territory","volume":"17","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.72","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-80","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012730.pub2","article-title":"Antibiotics for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"2019","author":"Townsend","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-93","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013743.pub2","article-title":"Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"2022","author":"Gordon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx063","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9801-1","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of vancomycin on Treg in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"33","author":"Abarbanel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol."},{"key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-39","article-title":"Different bacterial gene expression patterns and attenuated host immune responses are associated with the evolution of low-level vancomycin resistance during persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia","volume":"8","author":"Howden","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S186097","article-title":"A pilot study of fecal bile acid and microbiota profiles in inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"12","author":"Vaughn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001223","article-title":"Oral vancomycin induces sustained deep remission in adult patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"30","author":"de Chambrun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01302","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000001302","article-title":"Vancomycin and ustekinumab combination therapy in acute ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.farma.2023.06.015","article-title":"Oral vancomycin in a pediatric patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"47","author":"P\u00e9rez Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Farm Hosp."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316599","article-title":"Oral vancomycin induces clinical and mucosal remission of colitis in children with primary sclerosing cholangitis-ulcerative colitis","volume":"68","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad040","article-title":"Oral vancomycin induced and maintained clinical and endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis post-liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Almomen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","article-title":"Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports","volume":"23","author":"Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med."},{"key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0036","author":"Wells"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2177","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.2177","article-title":"Effect of the specific carbohydrate diet on the microbiome of a primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis patient","volume":"10","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.254.rah","article-title":"A triple blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral vancomycin in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1787501","article-title":"Open-label prospective therapeutic clinical trials: oral vancomycin in children and adults with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"55","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236-1247","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17936","article-title":"Oral vancomycin is associated with improved inflammatory bowel disease clinical outcomes in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated inflammatory bowel disease (PSC-IBD): a matched analysis from the Paediatric PSC Consortium","volume":"59","author":"Ricciuto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199811000-00015","article-title":"Oral Vancomycin: treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Cox","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00577","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000577","article-title":"Microbiome responses to vancomycin treatment in a child with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis","volume":"8","author":"Britto","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/gidisord2010005","article-title":"Is bartonella a cause of primary sclerosing cholangitis? A case study","volume":"2","author":"Kinderlehrer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointestin Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-020-01296-0","article-title":"Successful response of primary sclerosing cholangitis and associated ulcerative colitis to oral vancomycin may depend on brand and personalized dose: report in an adolescent","volume":"14","author":"Buness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-022-01286-9","article-title":"How frequent are vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis treated with oral vancomycin","volume":"41","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31816fee95","article-title":"Long-term treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis in children with oral vancomycin: an immunomodulating antibiotic","volume":"47","author":"Davies","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0047","first-page":"1-5","article-title":"Oral vancomycin as an adjuvant treatment in IBD","volume":"1","author":"Ayers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1159\/000475660","article-title":"Oral vancomycin and gentamicin for treatment of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"95","author":"Lev-Tzion","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digestion."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.12.1380","article-title":"Double blind controlled trial of oral vancomycin as adjunctive treatment in acute exacerbations of idiopathic colitis","volume":"26","author":"Dickinson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/s0162-3109(96)00156-7","article-title":"Vancomycin down-regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) Production and TNF\u03b1-mRNA accumulation in human blood monocytes","volume":"35","author":"Siedlar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.1.131","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 impairs function of liver derived T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"49","author":"Bo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.029","article-title":"Development, validation, and evaluation of a pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"133","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070803365604300_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.006","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated pouchitis: a distinct clinical phenotype","volume":"20","author":"Quinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/7\/2027\/60413049\/izae257.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/7\/2027\/60413049\/izae257.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T07:37:06Z","timestamp":1751960226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article\/31\/7\/2027\/7874927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izae257","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-0998","1536-4844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-0998","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]}}}