{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:49:59Z","timestamp":1791377399358,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium"},{"name":"Flemish Crohn\u2019s and Colitis"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Flemish Crohn\u2019s and Ulcerative Colitis"},{"name":"Clinical Research Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The consumption of ultra-processed foods has increased significantly worldwide and is associated with the rise in inflammatory bowel diseases. However, any causative factors and their underlying mechanisms are yet to be identified. This study aimed to further elucidate whether different types of the dietary emulsifier carrageenan (CGN) can alter the permeability and inflammatory state of the intestinal epithelium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caco-2\/HT29-MTX cocultures (n\u2005=\u20054) were exposed to either \u03ba-, \u03b9-, or \u03bb-CGN (100 \u00b5g mL\u20131) for 24 hours. Organoid-derived monolayers from patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease (CD) were exposed to \u03ba-CGN (100 \u00b5g mL\u20131) for 48 hours (n\u2005=\u200510). In both models, an inflamed condition was established by adding a mix of inflammatory stimuli. Changes in permeability were measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In the organoid-derived monolayers, cytokines were quantified in the apical and basolateral supernatant and gene expression was analyzed with RT-qPCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None of the CGN subtypes altered permeability of non-inflamed or inflamed Caco-2\/HT29-MTX cocultures. In organoid-derived monolayers, \u03ba-CGN did not affect TEER, but induced alterations in the gene expression of tight junctions and mucus proteins. Expression of TNF, IL8, and IL1B increased upon \u03ba-CGN stimulation, both in inflamed and non-inflamed monolayers. Cytokine release in the supernatant was increased by \u03ba-CGN for IL-6, IL-13, IL-4, IL-2, and IL-10.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary CGN caused upregulation of inflammatory markers and affected cytokine release of intestinal epithelial cells from CD patients, while permeability remained unaltered. When inflammation was already present, this pro-inflammatory effect was more pronounced, suggesting a role for dietary CGN during active CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]],"date-time":"2024-12-15T23:21:28Z","timestamp":1734304888000},"page":"1392-1403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dietary Carrageenan Amplifies the Inflammatory Profile, but not Permeability, of Intestinal Epithelial Cells from Patients With Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7709-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Vissers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven 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