{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:26:11Z","timestamp":1793219171803,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 CA186107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 CA186107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the relationship between nut and legume intake and risk of Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a prospective cohort study of 223\u2005283 adults from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2017), excluding those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) at baseline. Food frequency questionnaires were used to calculate nut and legume intake. Inflammatory bowel disease was self-reported on questionnaires and confirmed via blinded record review. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CD and UC according to categories of nut and legume intake.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In over 5\u2005460\u2005315 person-years of follow-up (CD\u2005=\u2005371, UC\u2005=\u2005481), neither nut nor legume intake was associated with CD or UC risk. Compared to those who never consumed nuts, those who consumed nuts \u22652 times\/week had an aHR\u2005=\u20050.96 (95% CI, 0.63-1.47; Ptrend\u2005=\u20050.57) for CD and 1.30 (95% CI, 0.92-1.84; Ptrend\u2005=\u20050.36) for UC. Compared to those who consumed legumes 0-3 times\/month, those who consumed legumes \u22654 times\/week had an aHR of 1.26 (95% CI, 0.78-2.04; Ptrend\u2005=\u20050.59) for CD and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.44-1.18; Ptrend\u2005=\u20050.20) for UC. Baseline BMI modified the relationship between nut intake and CD risk (Pint\u2005=\u20050.03). In those with BMI \u226525, the aHR for CD was 0.14 (95% CI, 0.03-0.56; P = .006) per additional serving\/day of nuts compared with 0.88 (95% CI, 0.45-1.74; P = .72) for those with BMI &amp;lt;25.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nut and legume intake were not associated with CD or UC risk. However, higher nut intake decreased CD risk in overweight or obese individuals. Thus, personalized-risk stratification, rather than generalized dietary recommendations, may be important for IBD prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T20:56:16Z","timestamp":1741121776000},"page":"2458-2466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dietary Nut and Legume Intake and Risk of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7081-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily W","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeling","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawna E","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9436-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwin N","family":"Ananthakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 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