{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:13:04Z","timestamp":1791943984631,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn\u2019s disease (CD), are at risk of complications, including kidney disease. It is important to identify IBD patients at higher risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to improve prevention and treatment. Here, we investigated the clinical and metabolomic characteristics of CD patients who develop CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified adult CD patients with (CD\u2005+\u2005CKD, n\u2005=\u200587) and selected CD patients without CKD (CD controls) matched by age, race, and gender. We collected data on demographic characteristics (age, smoking status, ethnicity, gender), IBD characteristics (diagnosis, Montreal classification, medication use, IBD-related surgeries, perianal disease), and kidney-related factors (primary sclerosing cholangitis, end-stage renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, organ transplantation, and nephrolithiasis). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted and odds ratios were calculated to identify risk factors for CKD. Serum samples were collected for untargeted metabolomic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease was far more common in CD patients than UC patients. Crohn\u2019s disease patients with kidney stones had a 10-fold higher risk of developing CKD than those without kidney stones. Crohn\u2019s disease patients with more than 2 IBD-related surgeries had a 7.3-fold higher risk of developing CKD than those who had not undergone surgery. There was no relationship between the number of biologics used or mesalamine use and the risk of CKD. The serum of CD\u2005+\u2005CKD patients had elevated levels of pro-inflammatory metabolites and those linked to kidney injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recommend regular kidney function monitoring and ensuring proper hydration to prevent or manage potential kidney-related complications in CD patients. Patients with resections and kidney stones are particularly vulnerable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T15:24:42Z","timestamp":1739460282000},"page":"2693-2703","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients With Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Andres","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Alejandra","family":"Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHealth Crohn's & Colitis Center,\u00a0Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajar","family":"Hazime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHealth Crohn's & Colitis Center,\u00a0Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Killian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami , Miami, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Michelle","family":"Ducasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami , Miami, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina M","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHealth Crohn's & Colitis Center,\u00a0Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHealth Crohn's & Colitis Center,\u00a0Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, FL ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.186","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of IBD: current state of the art","volume":"13","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7247238","article-title":"A comprehensive review and update on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2019","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy327","article-title":"A state-of-the-art review of new and emerging therapies for the treatment of IBD","volume":"25","author":"Chudy-Onwugaje","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-019-00231-8","article-title":"Diet as adjunctive treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: review and update of the latest literature","volume":"17","author":"Damas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treatment Options Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.036","article-title":"Etiology and treatment of pain and psychosocial issues in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"152","author":"Regueiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22986","article-title":"Systematic review: the role of race and socioeconomic factors on IBD healthcare delivery and effectiveness","volume":"19","author":"Sewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.117","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations and complications in IBD","volume":"10","author":"Ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000429","article-title":"Chronological order of appearance of extraintestinal manifestations relative to the time of IBD diagnosis in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort","volume":"21","author":"Vavricka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1574569","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease\u2014epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Greuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.042","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: current concepts, treatment, and implications for disease management","volume":"161","author":"Rogler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"10075","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093277","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: role of diet for a reduction in the severity of the disease","volume":"13","author":"Naber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10302","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"398","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0014","first-page":"7S","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and hypertension: key risk factors for kidney disease","volume":"94","author":"Lea","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.07.030","article-title":"GFR decline as an end point for clinical trials in CKD: a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the US Food and Drug Administration","volume":"64","author":"Levey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn177","article-title":"The effect of ethnicity on the prevalence of diabetes and associated chronic kidney disease","volume":"102","author":"Dreyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"QJM."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae049","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zadora","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/mib.0b013e31828a661e","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors of renal insufficiency in inflammatory bowel disease inpatients","volume":"1","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1485087","article-title":"Concurrent chronic kidney disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.10.043","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with an increased risk for chronic kidney disease, which decreases with age","volume":"18","author":"Vajravelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464030-00003","article-title":"Drug-induced renal calculi","volume":"64","author":"Daudon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5414\/cnp61083","article-title":"Renal impairment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: association with aminosalicylate therapy","volume":"61","author":"Elseviers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.016","article-title":"5-aminosalicylic acids and the risk of renal disease: a large British epidemiologic study\u2606","volume":"126","author":"Staa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.09.049","article-title":"Risk of urolithiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide Danish cohort study 1977\u20132018","volume":"19","author":"Dimke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa378","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A nephropathy in association with inflammatory bowel diseases: results from a national study and systematic literature review","volume":"37","author":"Joher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00687-y","article-title":"5-ASA induced interstitial nephritis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res."},{"issue":"28","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e936497","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.936497","article-title":"Renal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study during the biologic era","volume":"28","author":"Dincer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2019.73.5.260","article-title":"Renal and urinary manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.066","article-title":"The impact of gut microbiota on kidney function and pathogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Mahmoodpoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.022","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and kidney stone risk","volume":"191","author":"Torricelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0032","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-28","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08","article-title":"MatchIt: nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02649-x","article-title":"Urolithiasis in complicated inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive analysis of urine profile and stone composition","volume":"53","author":"Torricelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00725.x","article-title":"Urine stone risk factors in nephrolithiasis patients with and without bowel disease","volume":"63","author":"Parks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1756-4","article-title":"Microbiome-metabolome reveals the contribution of gut-kidney axis on kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-017-1311-y","article-title":"Alterations in lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism distinguish Crohn\u2019s disease from ulcerative colitis and control subjects by serum metabolomic profiling","volume":"14","author":"Scoville","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1049999","article-title":"What is the tryptophan kynurenine pathway and why is it important to neurotherapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5410","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5410","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes: amino acid and acylcarnitine levels change along a spectrum of metabolic wellness","volume":"6","author":"Libert","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-020-01762-3","article-title":"Plasma metabolites associated with chronic kidney disease and renal function in adults from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"17","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00944.x","article-title":"RNA metabolism in uremic patients: accumulation of modified ribonucleosides in uremic serum. Technical note","volume":"53","author":"Niwa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.113","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of uremic solutes in CKD patients","volume":"33","author":"Toyohara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertens Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.004","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"35","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.08.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction related to cell damage induced by 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid: non-dependent-effect of early reactive oxygen species production","volume":"50","author":"Reyes-Ocampo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.08.008","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease with chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7796.184879","article-title":"Urolithiasis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Gaspar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urology Annals"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2014.0077","article-title":"Enteric hyperoxaluria secondary to small bowel resection: use of computer simulation to characterize urinary risk factors for stone formation and assess potential treatment protocols","volume":"28","author":"Rodgers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endourol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F409","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00373.2018","article-title":"Dietary oxalate and kidney stone formation","volume":"316","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.05.010","article-title":"Risk of kidney failure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing colectomy: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"42","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i42.4798","article-title":"Increased end-stage renal disease risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0051","first-page":"85","article-title":"Acute kidney injury: definition, pathophysiology and clinical phenotypes","volume":"37","author":"Makris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066607299510","article-title":"Defining acute renal failure: the RIFLE Criteria","volume":"22","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.11.008","article-title":"Kidney function monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: the MONITORED consensus","volume":"54","author":"Guillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digest Liver Disease."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105354","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in chronic kidney disease: focus on inflammation and oxidative stress regulation","volume":"23","author":"Magliocca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci ."},{"key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390351","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1390351","article-title":"The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Muro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4 Suppl 4","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(03)00112-4","article-title":"The role of carnitine in normal and altered fatty acid metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Hoppel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00944.x","article-title":"RNA metabolism in uremic patients: accumulation of modified ribonucleosides in uremic serum","volume":"53","author":"Niwa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102715475290900_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000067","article-title":"Long-chain fatty acids and inflammation","volume":"71","author":"Calder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."}],"container-title":["Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaf039\/63013153\/izaf039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/10\/2693\/63013153\/izaf039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/10\/2693\/63013153\/izaf039.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T19:48:02Z","timestamp":1761594482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article\/31\/10\/2693\/8120326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaf039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-0998","1536-4844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-0998","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]}}}