{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:03:15Z","timestamp":1783497795180,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency (GC-AI) is a potentially life-threatening side effect of glucocorticoid therapy. Currently, there is no consensus on monitoring and treating GC-AI in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of GC-AI in IBD patients following glucocorticoid use. Additionally, a Delphi panel was conducted to develop evidence-based expert opinions on evaluating and managing GC-AI in IBD patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-four articles were included in this study. Of these, 26 articles reported the prevalence of GC-AI in IBD patients. Statements were generated and rated by a panel of adult and pediatric gastroenterologists using a 1-9 scale. Statements were classified as inappropriate, uncertain, or appropriate based on the median panel rating and the degree of disagreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of GC-AI across all studies was 26.9% (95% CI: 18.9-36.8, I2: 96%). The panel emphasized the importance of maintaining a high suspicion for GC-AI in IBD patients treated with systemic glucocorticoids and considering risk factors such as exogenous glucocorticoid use \u22654 weeks at doses \u22655\u00a0mg of prednisone-equivalent. Recommendations for initial screening and management of GC-AI are provided. The management of GC-AI in special populations, such as those in the perioperative setting is also addressed. The panel underscored the need to consider GC-AI assessment in clinical trial design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GC-AI is a serious, often underrecognized side effect of glucocorticoid use. This study presents expert opinions on the evaluation and management of GC-AI in IBD patients, emphasizing the need for vigilance and appropriate management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T07:39:43Z","timestamp":1749541183000},"page":"3077-3092","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation and Management of Glucocorticoid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency in IBD: An Expert Opinion"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7025-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy C Y","family":"Law","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Center, Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Sheskier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrenal Center at Mount Sinai Health System , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Viera-Feliciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrenal Center at Mount Sinai Health System , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Delgado-Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurij","family":"Han\u017eel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana ,","place":["Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4698-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6472-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Colombel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Center, Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0634-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice C","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrenal Center at Mount Sinai Health System , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6787-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Center, Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the CORE-IBD Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Solitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vuyyuru","family":"Sudheer Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remo","family":"Panaccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce E","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Peyrin-Biroulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert R","family":"D\u2019Haens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Atreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Allez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bossuyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Bressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert V","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Dignass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Dubinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Fleshner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B","family":"Gearry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B","family":"Hanauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailsa L","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maia","family":"Kayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Kucharzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L","family":"Lakatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Narula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert W","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Panes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Raine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel D","family":"Regueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Reinsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Hillary","family":"Steinhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Travis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Ungaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneke","family":"Van der Woude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parambir S","family":"Dulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J","family":"Cornfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Sandborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G","family":"Feagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipul","family":"Jairath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10274","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00136-7","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency","volume":"397","author":"Husebye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068713","article-title":"Recovery of adrenal function after long-term glucocorticoid therapy for giant cell arteritis: a cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Jamilloux","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.7.671","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"282","author":"Krasner","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G25","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae029","article-title":"European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"190","author":"Beuschlein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S-443","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(23)02028-0","article-title":"Sa1814 patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis cycle through multiple medications prior to starting advanced therapy: a retrospective study","volume":"164","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"otae040","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otae040","article-title":"Treatment pathways in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: understanding the road to advanced therapy","volume":"6","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crohn\u2019s Colitis 360"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14334","article-title":"A multi-centre audit of excess steroid use in 1176 patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"46","author":"Selinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14861","article-title":"Letter: screening for adrenal suppression in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"48","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0009","volume-title":"Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies. McMaster University.","author":"CLARITY Group","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0010","volume-title":"Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials. McMaster University","author":"CLARITY Group","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.2.209","article-title":"Oral budesonide is as effective as oral prednisolone in active Crohn\u2019s disease. The Global Budesonide Study Group","volume":"41","author":"Campieri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0012","first-page":"A18","article-title":"OC25 Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency on discontinuation of glucocorticoid treatment in children and adolescent patients with inflammatory bowel disease: to screen or not to screen","volume":"15","author":"Chadokufa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6687-x","article-title":"Budesonide foam vs. hydrocortisone acetate foam in the treatment of active ulcerative proctosigmoiditis","volume":"46","author":"Bar-Meir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000860","article-title":"Baseline oral 5-ASA use and efficacy and safety of budesonide foam in patients with ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis: analysis of 2 phase 3 studies","volume":"22","author":"Bosworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"SUPPL 1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0015","first-page":"639","article-title":"Incidence of secondary adrenal suppression after prolonged use of glucocorticoid therapy for children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"72","author":"Chatzidaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(18)32793-8","article-title":"The impact of serum cortisol on quality of life and dysautonomia in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"154","author":"Click","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1313213","article-title":"Enteric-coated budesonide for the induction and maintenance of remission of Crohn\u2019s disease in children","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200401000-00008","article-title":"Budesonide versus prednisolone for the treatment of active Crohn\u2019s disease in children: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"16","author":"Escher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02616754","article-title":"Treatment of ulcerative colitis with hydrocortisone enemas: relationship of hydrocortisone absorption, adrenal suppression, and clinical response","volume":"13","author":"Farmer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00285.x","article-title":"Oral budesonide as maintenance therapy in Crohn\u2019s disease\u2014results of a 12-month study","volume":"12","author":"Ferguson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409293311303","article-title":"Oral budesonide for active Crohn\u2019s disease. Canadian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group","volume":"331","author":"Greenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200302000-00017","article-title":"A comparison of budesonide and prednisone for the treatment of active pediatric Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Levine","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S785","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(12)63046-7","article-title":"Effect of budesonide MMX 6\u00a0mg on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with ulcerative colitis: Results from a phase III, 12 month safety and extended use study","volume":"142","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04136.x","article-title":"Withdrawal of corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease patients after dependency periods ranging from 2 to 45 years: a proposed method","volume":"30","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.06.006","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of oral budesonide in Japanese patients with active Crohn\u2019s disease: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group phase II study","volume":"7","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.11.004","article-title":"Budesonide 9\u00a0mg is at least as effective as mesalamine 4.5\u00a0g in patients with mildly to moderately active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"140","author":"Tromm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05786.x","article-title":"Assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function after corticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"97","author":"Desram\u00e9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1232566","article-title":"CRH test prior to discontinuation of long-term low-dose glucocorticoid therapy","volume":"107","author":"Gellner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8536887","article-title":"Oral budesonide as maintenance treatment for Crohn\u2019s disease: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Canadian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group","volume":"110","author":"Greenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(99)70125-3","article-title":"Oral budesonide for prevention of postsurgical recurrence in Crohn\u2019s disease. The IOIBD Budesonide Study Group","volume":"116","author":"Hellers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8964395","article-title":"Oral budesonide versus prednisolone in patients with active extensive and left-sided ulcerative colitis","volume":"110","author":"L\u00f6fberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199808063390603","article-title":"A comparison of budesonide and mesalamine for active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"339","author":"Thomsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05835.x","article-title":"Budesonide CIR capsules (once or twice daily divided-dose) in active Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Tremaine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"10391","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK","volume":"401","author":"Conrad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"33","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i33.6137","article-title":"Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have increased risk of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"23","author":"Halling","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1441-z","article-title":"Heritability of Addison\u2019s disease and prevalence of associated autoimmunity in a cohort of 112,100 Swedish twins","volume":"58","author":"Skov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182a180b7","article-title":"Impact of stress dose steroids on the outcomes of restorative proctocolectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"56","author":"Aytac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.5278","article-title":"Perioperative glucocorticoid prescribing habits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a call for standardization","volume":"149","author":"Lamore","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0213-7","article-title":"Preoperative steroid-related complications in Japanese pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"49","author":"Uchida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318297adca","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, noninferiority trial of steroid dosing after major colorectal surgery","volume":"259","author":"Zaghiyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2011.09.036","article-title":"High-dose perioperative corticosteroids in steroid-treated patients undergoing major colorectal surgery: necessary or overkill","volume":"204","author":"Zaghiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Surg."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0042","first-page":"A28","article-title":"Incidence of secondary adrenal suppression after prolonged use of glucocorticoid therapy for children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Chatzidaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409293311304","article-title":"A comparison of budesonide with prednisolone for active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"331","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"n1380","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1380","article-title":"Glucocorticoid induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"374","author":"Prete","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1218","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency in corticosteroids use: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Broersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2016.1183648","article-title":"Budesonide for the treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"17","author":"Abdalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02571.x","article-title":"Colonic spread and serum pharmacokinetics of budesonide foam in patients with mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis","volume":"22","author":"Brunner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443120-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of budesonide (Entocort EC) capsules for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Edsb\u00e4cker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01426.x","article-title":"A pharmacoscintigraphic evaluation of oral budesonide given as controlled-release (Entocort) capsules","volume":"17","author":"Edsb\u00e4cker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1979255part1571","article-title":"Dose-dependent prednisolone kinetics","volume":"25","author":"Tanner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/00912700122010410","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and rectal bioavailability of hydrocortisone acetate after single and multiple administration in healthy subjects and patients","volume":"41","author":"Tromm","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0052","first-page":"229","article-title":"Treatment of ulcerative colitis with hydrocortisone enemas. comparison of absorption ml clinical response with hydrocortisone alcohol and hydrocortisone acetate","volume":"54","author":"Farmer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1 SUPPL. 1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0053","first-page":"A371","article-title":"Oral beclomethasone dipropionate versus 5-aminosalycilic acid enema in active ulcerative colitis patients: lower efficacy but better compliance","volume":"1","author":"Pica","year":"2013","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3868-5","article-title":"Budesonide foam has a favorable safety profile for inducing remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative proctitis or proctosigmoiditis","volume":"60","author":"Rubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040728","article-title":"Glucocorticoid withdrawal-an overview on when and how to diagnose adrenal insufficiency in clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Pelewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac151","article-title":"Approach to the patient with glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"107","author":"Borresen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R111","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1199","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency: replace while we wait for evidence","volume":"184","author":"Laugesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-022-01218-y","article-title":"Glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome following treatment of endogenous cushing syndrome","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EVIDoa2200182","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200182","article-title":"Home waking salivary cortisone to screen for adrenal insufficiency","volume":"2","author":"Debono","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM Evid."},{"key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0060","article-title":"Addison disease","volume-title":"StatPearls.","author":"Munir","year":"2024"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S294065","article-title":"Pediatric adrenal insufficiency: challenges and solutions","volume":"2022","author":"Nistic\u00f2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e818","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000818","article-title":"A De Novo arisen case of primary adrenal insufficiency in an adolescent patient with Crohn\u2019s disease: a case report","volume":"94","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01183-w","article-title":"Chronotherapy based on modified-release hydrocortisone to restore the physiological cortisol diurnal rhythm","volume":"13","author":"Whitaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0064","volume-title":"Information for Individuals on Glucocorticoid (Steroid) Therapy.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa133","article-title":"Prevention of adrenal crisis: cortisol responses to major stress compared to stress dose hydrocortisone delivery","volume":"105","author":"Prete","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40223-9_9","volume-title":"Steroid Management in Patients Undergoing Surgery for IBD.","author":"Zaghiyan","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa020","article-title":"Risk of postoperative infectious complications from medical therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Law","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14963","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency","volume":"75","author":"Woodcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"issue":"21","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212728","article-title":"Upadacitinib induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"388","author":"Loftus","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"10341","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00581-5","article-title":"Upadacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from three phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trials","volume":"399","author":"Danese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.12414","article-title":"Risankizumab for ulcerative colitis: two randomized clinical trials","volume":"332","author":"Louis","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"10340","key":"2025112116471042200_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00467-6","article-title":"Risankizumab as induction therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease: results from the phase 3 ADVANCE and MOTIVATE induction trials","volume":"399","author":"D\u2019Haens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet."}],"container-title":["Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaf136\/63629069\/izaf136.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/11\/3077\/63629069\/izaf136.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-pdf\/31\/11\/3077\/63629069\/izaf136.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T21:47:21Z","timestamp":1763761641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article\/31\/11\/3077\/8178733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaf136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-0998","1536-4844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-0998","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}