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In contrast, the fungal part of the microbiome, the mycobiome, has only rarely been investigated\u2014although anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, an antibody against fungal mannan, have been known for years as a biomarker for Crohn\u2019s disease (CD), but not for ulcerative colitis (UC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review of case-control studies on the human gut mycobiome in IBD was conducted using searches in EMBASE and MEDLINE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-seven studies, with a total of 1406 IBD patients and 1060 controls were identified. The differences in alpha diversity varied across studies and were related to geography, whereas differences in beta diversity between cases and controls were found in a large majority of the studies. Overall, the results were inconsistent at different taxonomic levels, and the studied populations were heterogeneous, as were the methodological approaches. The most consistent finding was an increase of Candida for both CD and UC and of Malassezia in CD, where it was often linked to a decrease of Saccharomyces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mycobiome is altered in IBD, as differences in beta diversity were found between cases and controls consistently. Future studies should carefully standardize every step from sample collection through analysis and data processing, allowing external validation of findings. Inclusion of treatment na\u00efve patients and symptomatic controls could further advance this field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T11:59:03Z","timestamp":1757505543000},"page":"3213-3224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gut Mycobiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9591-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes D","family":"F\u00fcchtbauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gastrointestinal Diseases S, Odense University Hospital , Odense,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Emergency, Section of Gastroenterology, Svendborg, Odense University Hospital and Svendborg Hospital ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Research Unit of Medical 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