{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:06:18Z","timestamp":1792022778328,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic use in early childhood may alter the developing microbiome and has been proposed as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We conducted a systematic review to examine the association between childhood antibiotic use and subsequent risk of IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a systematic literature search, we identified cohort and case-control studies reporting the association between antibiotic use (exposure age\u2009&amp;lt;1 to 17\u2009years) and development of IBD. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 31, 2024. Studies reporting a hazard ratio, odds ratio, or risk ratio (RR) were included. To account for heterogeneity, pooled estimates were calculated using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Estimates were adjusted for potential confounding as reported in the original studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 10 studies, of which 8 (n\u2009=\u20092783 cases) reported associations between childhood antibiotics and IBD risk. Additionally, 2 studies on Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and 1 on ulcerative colitis were included in disease-specific analyses. In pooled analyses, antibiotic exposure compared with no exposure was associated with increased risk of IBD (RR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.66), CD (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.39-1.81), and ulcerative colitis (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.08-1.40). Heterogeneity was low to moderate (I2\u2009=\u20090%-35%), and funnel plots did not indicate publication bias (Egger\u2019s test, P\u2009=\u2009.12-.43). Adjustment for infections did not attenuate the association between childhood antibiotic exposure and IBD development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While causal interpretation should be cautious, childhood exposure to antibiotics was associated with an increased risk of later IBD, particularly for CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:42:40Z","timestamp":1765888960000},"page":"990-997","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Systematic review and meta-analysis of childhood exposure to antibiotics and the subsequent risk of IBD"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketil","family":"St\u00f8rdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Center, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0283-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svend","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vestfold Hospital Trust , T\u00f8nsberg,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2285-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"M\u00e5rild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children\u2019s Hospital , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilhelm","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistiska Konsultgruppen Sweden AB , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9447-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Imberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistiska Konsultgruppen Sweden AB , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050317370612700_izaf324-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325668","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: recent developments","volume":"109","author":"Ashton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026050317370612700_izaf324-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.282","article-title":"Twenty-first century trends in the global epidemiology of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: systematic 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