{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:23:20Z","timestamp":1771230200393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The peak incidence of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is between the second and fourth decades of life, which coincides with prime reproductive years. Unplanned or mistimed pregnancies may account for nearly half of all pregnancies and are associated with adverse consequences such as a higher risk of delayed preconceptual care, increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Increased IBD activity during pregnancy is also associated with adverse pregnancy-related outcomes, such as miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm birth. Furthermore, the increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) conferred by active IBD may be potentially augmented by hormonal contraceptives. Recent literature suggests that women with IBD seek counseling on contraception from gastroenterologists in preference to their primary care physicians. Meanwhile, attitudes and awareness regarding contraception counseling remain suboptimal, underpinning the importance and need for physician and patient education in this area. We discuss the association between contraception and IBD, benefits and risks associated with various contraceptive methods in women with IBD, and practical recommendations for clinicians caring for women with IBD.<\/jats:p><jats:p>10.1093\/ibd\/izz025_video1 izz025.video1 6014727518001 10.1093\/ibd\/izz025_video2 izz025.video2 6014726992001<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T14:56:53Z","timestamp":1552748213000},"page":"1603-1612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Contraception, Venous Thromboembolism, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Clinicians (and Patients) Should Know"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jimmy K","family":"Limdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Head-Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Section, The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Farraye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Woodhams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis A","family":"Farraye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001","article-title":"Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Molodecky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.039","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1970 through 2010","volume":"15","author":"Shivashankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20545","article-title":"What is the peak age for onset of IBD?","volume":"14","author":"Johnston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0546-2","article-title":"Intention to become pregnant and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.03.018","article-title":"Preconception care reduces relapse of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"de Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2019091808543683200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00602.x","article-title":"Does pregnancy change the disease course? 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