{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:33:56Z","timestamp":1783110836988,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["OPP 0649670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP 0649670"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1341485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1341485"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["OPP 05519689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP 05519689"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1341476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1341476"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1745130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1745130"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u201cPolar gigantism\u201d describes a biogeographic pattern in which many ectotherms in polar seas are larger than their warmer-water relatives. Although many mechanisms have been proposed, one idea\u2014the oxygen\u2013temperature hypothesis\u2014has received significant attention because it emerges from basic biophysical principles and is appealingly straightforward and testable. Low temperatures depress metabolic demand for oxygen more than supply of oxygen from the environment to the organism. This creates a greater ratio of oxygen supply to demand, releasing polar organisms from oxygen-based constraints on body size. Here we review evidence for and against the oxygen\u2013temperature hypothesis. Some data suggest that larger-bodied taxa live closer to an oxygen limit, or that rising temperatures can challenge oxygen delivery systems; other data provide no evidence for interactions between body size, temperature, and oxygen sufficiency. We propose that these findings can be partially reconciled by recognizing that the oxygen\u2013temperature hypothesis focuses primarily on passive movement of oxygen, implicitly ignoring other important processes including ventilation of respiratory surfaces or internal transport of oxygen by distribution systems. Thus, the hypothesis may apply most meaningfully to organisms with poorly developed physiological systems (eggs, embryos, egg masses, juveniles, or adults without mechanisms for ventilating internal or external surfaces). Finally, most tests of the oxygen\u2013temperature hypothesis have involved short-term experiments. Many organisms can mount effective responses to physiological challenges over short time periods; however, the energetic cost of doing so may have impacts that appear only in the longer term. We therefore advocate a renewed focus on long-term studies of oxygen\u2013temperature interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaa088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T19:10:48Z","timestamp":1592248248000},"page":"1438-1453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Reconsidering the Oxygen\u2013Temperature Hypothesis of Polar Gigantism: Successes, Failures, and Nuance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"H Arthur","family":"Woods","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai\u2019i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1139\/f58-013","article-title":"Some effects of temporary exposure to low dissolved oxygen levels on Pacific salmon eggs","volume":"15","author":"Alderdice","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Fish Res Board Canada"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.6.498","article-title":"Temperature, growth rate, and body size in ectotherms: fitting pieces of a life-history puzzle","volume":"44","author":"Angilletta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60212-3","article-title":"Temperature and organism size\u2014a biological law for ectotherms?","volume":"25","author":"Atkinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Ecol Res"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12847","article-title":"Is oxygen limitation in warming waters a valid mechanism to explain decreased body sizes in aquatic ectotherms?","volume":"28","author":"Audzijonyte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B5","author":"Bergmann","year":"1847"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-4642.1999.00046.x","article-title":"Geographic gradients in body size: a clarification of Bergmann\u2019s rule","volume":"5","author":"Blackburn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Divers Distrib"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.1.241","article-title":"Oxygen availability and embryonic development in sand snail (Polinices sordidus) egg masses","volume":"198","author":"Booth","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12267","article-title":"Oxygen, animals and aquatic bioturbation: an updated account","volume":"16","author":"Butterfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geobiology"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B9","author":"Calder","year":"1996"},{"key":"2020121611563169400_icaa088-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(84)90231-4","article-title":"Constraints on egg masses. 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