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Melanosome structure and function are determined by a cohort of resident transmembrane proteins, many of which are expressed only in pigment cells and localize specifically to melanosomes. Defects in the genes that encode melanosome-specific proteins or components of the machinery required for their transport in and out of melanosomes underlie various forms of ocular or oculocutaneous albinism, characterized by hypopigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes and by visual impairment. We review major components of melanosomes, including the enzymes that catalyze steps in melanin synthesis from tyrosine precursors, solute transporters that allow these enzymes to function, and structural proteins that underlie melanosome shape and melanin deposition. We then review the molecular mechanisms by which these components are biosynthetically delivered to newly forming melanosomes\u2014many of which are shared by other cell types that generate cell type-specific lysosome-related organelles. We also highlight unanswered questions that need to be addressed by future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T03:14:45Z","timestamp":1621566885000},"page":"1517-1545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Melanosome Biogenesis in the Pigmentation of Mammalian Skin"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Linh","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 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