{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:06:52Z","timestamp":1760731612828,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52,105,304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52,105,304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPD-2023-87","JSSCBS20210939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD-2023-87","JSSCBS20210939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) exhibit exceptional locomotive abilities in diverse terrains, such as beaches, swamps, and tidal flats. This capability is primarily attributed to their unique webbed toe structure and cooperative locomotion posture of their feet. Therefore, this study aims to further delve into the active adaptive strategies of mallard feet in response to diverse external environmental conditions. Six adult male mallards were selected for this research. Their locomotion on sandy surfaces with differing wetness levels and varying degrees of compaction were captured using a high-speed camera, and analysis of instantaneous and continuous changes in the primary joint angles of the mallards\u2019 feet, including the toe-webbed opening and closing angles, the tarsometatarsal-phalangeal joint (TMTPJ), and the intertarsal joint (ITJ). It was found that on loose sandy surfaces, increasing wetness expanded the ground contact area of the mallards\u2019 feet. This led to greater flexion at the TMTPJ joint during mid-stance, accompanied by decreased flexion of the ITJ during touch-down and mid-stance. Conversely, on compacted sand, increasing wetness resulted in a reduced foot effect area and lessened ITJ flexion at both touch-down and mid-stance. Furthermore, on looser sand, the ground contact area of the mallards\u2019 feet decreased, with an increase in ITJ buckling at touch-down. During the swing phase, sand wetness and compactness effected minimally on the feet of the mallards. On dry and loose sand ground, mallards will contract their second and fourth toes with webbing upon ground contact, covering and compacting the sand beneath, while increasing ITJ flexion to mitigate sinking. This adaptation reduces the energy expended on sand and enhances body stability. In wet and compacted sand conditions, mallards expand their second and fourth toes upon ground contact and reduce ITJ flexion. Therefore, this coordinated foot and ITJ locomotion offers mallards a natural advantage when moving on various environmental media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icae033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:28:17Z","timestamp":1715128097000},"page":"156-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Active Adaptive Strategies of Mallard Feet in Response to Changes in Wetness and Compactness of the Sand Terrain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Dianlei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinrui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hairui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqian","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-112","article-title":"Bipedal locomotion in birds: the importance of functional parameters in terrestrial adaptation in Anatidae","volume":"78","author":"Abourachid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.161109","article-title":"It\u2019s just sand between the toes: how particle size and shape variation affect running performance and kinematics in a generalist lizard","volume":"220","author":"Bergmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.047225","article-title":"Substrate diameter and compliance affect the gripping strategies and locomotor mode of climbing boa constrictors","volume":"213","author":"Byrnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.100","article-title":"How animals move: an integrative view","volume":"288","author":"Dickinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"In Sci"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"028001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.028001","article-title":"Drag induced lift in granular media","volume":"106","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18279","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416252111","article-title":"The birth of a dinosaur footprint: subsurface 3D motion reconstruction and discrete element simulation reveal track ontogeny","volume":"111","author":"Falkingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.333","article-title":"The tri-segmented limbs of therian mammals:kinematics, dynamics, and self-stabilization\u2014a review","volume":"305A","author":"Fischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib8","first-page":"36","article-title":"Kinematic strategies for walking across a destabilizing rock surface","volume-title":"Gait Posture","author":"Gates","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.105.128301","article-title":"Force and flow transition in plowed granular media","volume":"105","author":"Gravish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211491","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211491","article-title":"Comparison between the kinematics for kangaroo rat hopping on a solid versus sand surface","volume":"9","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bio060012","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.060012","article-title":"Effects of particle size and thickness of quartz sand on the webbed foot kinematics of mallard (Anas Platyrhynchos)","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8080592","article-title":"From the analysis of anatomy and locomotor function of biological foot systems to the design of bionic foot: an example of the webbed foot of the mallard","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2005-10203-3","article-title":"Scaling vertical drag forces in granular media","volume":"72","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Europhys Lett"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys583","article-title":"Unified force law for granular effect cratering","volume":"3","author":"Katsuragi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.13.2071","article-title":"Mechanics and energetics of human locomotion on sand","volume":"201","author":"Lejeune","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib16","first-page":"3293","article-title":"Multi-functional foot use during running in the zebra-tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides)","volume":"215","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-010-9347-1","article-title":"The effect of limb kinematics on the speed of a legged robot on granular media","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Mech Inc"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809095106","article-title":"Sensitive dependence of the motion of a legged robot on granular media","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229163","article-title":"A terradynamics of legged locomotion on granular media","volume":"339","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10278","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10278","article-title":"Forelimb joints contribute to locomotor performance in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by maintaining stability and storing energy","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140050715","article-title":"The oldest known tracks of web-footed birds from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea","volume":"87","author":"Lim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172490","article-title":"Undulatory swimming in sand: subsurface locomotion of the sandfish lizard","volume":"325","author":"Maladen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0678","article-title":"Mechanical models of sandfish locomotion reveal principles of high performance subsurface sand-swimming","volume":"8","author":"Maladen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.1041","article-title":"Utilization of granular solidification during terrestrial locomotion of hatchling sea turtles","volume":"6","author":"Mazouchova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2307\/1435888","article-title":"Adaptive convergence in the sand reptiles of the Sahara and of California: a study in structure and behavior","volume":"1932","author":"Mosauer","year":"1932","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icac084","article-title":"Mudskippers modulate their locomotor kinematics when moving on deformable and inclined substrates","volume":"62","author":"Naylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.047902","article-title":"Locomotor behavior across an environmental transition in the ropefish, Erpetoichthys calabaricus","volume":"214","author":"Pace","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaa016","article-title":"Terrestrial locomotion in American eels (Anguilla rostrata): how substrate and incline affect locomotion patterns","volume":"60","author":"Redmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836905006928","article-title":"Limb joints kinematics and their relation to increasing speed in the guinea pig Cavia porcellus (Mammalia: r odentia)","volume":"266","author":"Rocha-Barbosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.03.014","article-title":"The effect of shoe and floor characteristics on walking kinematics","volume":"66","author":"Svenningsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Locomot Sci"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"obaa029","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obaa029","article-title":"Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) increase foot contact surface area on challenging substrates during terrestrial locomotion","volume":"2","author":"Vega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr Org Biol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705078","article-title":"The energy cost of walking or running on sand","volume":"65","author":"Zamparo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3613","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3613","article-title":"Plantar pressure distribution of ostrich during locomotion on loose sand and solid ground","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2024072617071195000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191986","article-title":"Phalangeal joints kinematics in ostrich (Struthio camelus) locomotion on sand","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Integrative And Comparative Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icae033\/57766843\/icae033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/64\/1\/156\/58660497\/icae033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/64\/1\/156\/58660497\/icae033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T00:58:17Z","timestamp":1722041897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article\/64\/1\/156\/7666755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icae033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-7063","1557-7023"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1540-7063"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7023"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}}}