{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:39:08Z","timestamp":1772138348360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018017","name":"Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["iOS-1941933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["iOS-1941933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006778","name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The air\u2013water interface of the planet\u2019s water bodies, such as ponds, lakes, and streams, presents an uncertain ecological niche with predatory threats from above and below. As Microvelia americana move across the water surface in small ponds, they face potential injury from attacks by birds, fish, and underwater invertebrates. Thus, our study investigates the effects of losing individual or pairs of tarsi on M. americana\u2019s ability to walk on water. Removal of both hind tarsi causes M. americana to rock their bodies (yaw) while running across the water surface at $\\pm 19^{\\circ }$, compared to $\\pm 7^{\\circ }$ in nonablated specimens. This increase in yaw, resulting from the removal of hind tarsi, indicates that M. americana use their hind legs as \u201crudders\u201d to regulate yaw, originating from the contralateral middle legs\u2019 strokes on the water\u2019s surface through an alternating tripod gait. Ablation of the ipsilateral middle and hind tarsi disrupts directionality, making M. americana turn in the direction of their intact limbs. This loss of directionality does not occur with the removal of contralateral middle and hind tarsi. However, M. americana lose their ability to use the alternating tripod gait to walk on water on the day of contralateral ablation. Remarkably, by the next day, M. americana adapt and regain the ability to walk on water using the alternating tripod gait. Our findings elucidate the specialized leg dynamics within the alternating tripod gait of M. americana, and their adaptability to tarsal loss. This research could guide the development and design strategies of small, adaptive, and resilient micro-robots that can adapt to controller malfunction or actuator damage for walking on water and terrestrial surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icae077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T21:02:51Z","timestamp":1718830971000},"page":"1034-1043","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Limb Loss and Specialized Leg Dynamics in Tiny Water-Walking Insects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Johnathan N","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta GA 30332 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai Lauren","family":"Yung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta GA 30332 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Difini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta GA 30332 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1918-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Rohilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta GA 30332 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9788-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Bhamla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta GA 30332 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025061820565510900_bib1","first-page":"337","article-title":"A comparative study of locomotion on the water surface in semiaquatic bugs (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerromorpha)","volume":"139","author":"Andersen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Vidensk. 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