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In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of these pathogens have been on the rise, and efforts to understand the underlying ecological principles responsible for the reported increases have highlighted the role of biodiversity loss as a major contributing factor. Despite its role in pathogen emergence, how biodiversity is measured can differ drastically and may underlie variability in study results, making the impacts of biodiversity on pathogen behavior difficult to untangle. Here, we first examine how landscape parameters affect disease transmission and then evaluate metrics used in various disease systems to discuss the ways that different aspects of biodiversity, such as functional, phylogenetic, and trophic diversity, can provide novel insight into the relationship between host communities and disease emergence and transmission. We focus on the tick-borne pathogen that causes Lyme disease in this review and discuss how functional, trophic, and phylogenetic diversity can improve our understanding of the relationship between host community structure and disease transmission. The growing public health burden of tick-borne diseases necessitates holistic thinking to inform actions to decrease the risk of disease to humans and protect natural communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T07:39:58Z","timestamp":1748504398000},"page":"376-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring Metrics of Biological Diversity to Better Predict and Respond to Emerging Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4475-4539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Swei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University Department of Biology, , San Francisco, CA 94132 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Broughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of William and Mary Institute for Integrative Conservation, , Williamsburg, VA 23185 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arielle","family":"Crews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University Department of Biology, , San Francisco, CA 94132 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"San Mateo Mosquito and Vector Control District , Burlingame, CA 94010 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Lilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University Department of Ecology, , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University Department of Biology, , San Francisco, CA 94132 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University Department of Biology, , San Francisco, CA 94132 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091914175627000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13392","article-title":"Tri-trophic interactions: bridging species, communities and ecosystems","volume":"22","author":"Abdala-Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2025091914175627000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(02)00242-6","article-title":"The application of \u2018least-cost\u2019 modelling as a functional landscape model","volume":"64","author":"Adriaensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"2025091914175627000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x","article-title":"Effect of Forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk","volume":"17","author":"Allan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"2025091914175627000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1169-9","article-title":"Ecological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United States","volume":"158","author":"Allan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2025091914175627000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00109","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis in Britain and Ireland\u2014a perfect storm? 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