{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T11:16:29Z","timestamp":1762686989953,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minorities in Shark Sciences"},{"name":"ICONIC Oceans\u2014Characterization of Data Deficient Fisheries"},{"name":"ICONIC Oceans"},{"name":"Re:wild"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002001","name":"The Campbell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007665","name":"Save Our Seas Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sri Lankan fisheries have substantial elasmobranch catches, but the local ecology of individual species is not well characterized. We examine the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and Bengal whipray (Brevitrygon imbricata), two elasmobranch species with variable life history and feeding ecology that represent differing trophic guilds. Tiger sharks have a global distribution and are well-studied in some regions, but there is a lack of ecological information specific to the Indian Ocean. In contrast, Bengal whiprays are often misidentified at the species level and are thought to largely feed on benthic flatworms. Here, we investigate the trophic ecology of these two species with stable isotope analysis, which tracks the nutrient flow through food webs. Morphometric measurements and samples were obtained from tiger sharks [muscle (n\u00a0=\u00a024), teeth (n\u00a0=\u00a017)] and Bengal whiprays [muscle (n\u00a0=\u00a044)] after boats were onshore; tissues were sampled and dried before transport for stable isotope preparation. Both tiger sharks and Bengal whiprays have a wide range of \u03b413C values spanning from \u221217.8 to \u221214.8\u2030, indicating diverse feeding habitats. In general, tiger sharks have higher \u03b415N values (13.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u2030) than Bengal whiprays (12.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7\u2030), although five Bengal whiprays had similar \u03b415N values to tiger sharks. There were also \u03b415N differences by sex among Bengal whiprays, which suggests some foraging or baseline differences within the population. The isotopic differences among market locations were subtle and difficult to discern given differences in sample size. These insights into the ecology of tiger sharks and Bengal whiprays in Sri Lanka, along with other studies, including tagging and stomach content analysis, are critical in developing ecosystem-based management strategies. For example, the identification of essential habitats for the Marine Protected Area designation would restrict fishing and help mitigate impacts on population structure and dynamics, two critical considerations for these two species, which are listed as Near Threatened and Vulnerable, respectively, on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T14:54:29Z","timestamp":1752159269000},"page":"1280-1293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trophic Ecology of the Tiger Shark (\n                    <i>Galeocerdo cuvier<\/i>\n                    ) and Bengal Whipray (\n                    <i>Brevitrygon imbricata<\/i>\n                    ) Harvested by Sri Lankan Fisheries Based on Stable Isotope Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pathirannahalage Buddhi Maheshika","family":"Pathirana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Rosy , Colombo 00600 ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]},{"name":"Minorities in Shark Sciences , Sarasota, FL 34236 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raven","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minorities in Shark Sciences , Sarasota, FL 34236 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Divia","family":"Feinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, , Merced, Merced CA 95343 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minorities in Shark Sciences , Sarasota, FL 34236 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Leeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder Department of Environmental Studies, , Boulder, CO 80309 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8802-1344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, , Merced, Merced CA 95343 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norah","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minorities in Shark Sciences , Sarasota, FL 34236 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lelah","family":"Munyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, , Merced, Merced CA 95343 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley D Mocorro","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minorities in Shark Sciences , Sarasota, FL 34236 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karson","family":"Burton-Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Pacific Department of Biological Sciences, , Stockton, CA 95211 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4434-7391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Widanarachchige Sahan","family":"Thilakaratna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Rosy , Colombo 00600 ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sora Lee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, , Merced, Merced CA 95343 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.46754\/jssm.2023.02.010","article-title":"Stable isotopes (\u039413c and \u039415n) analysis indicate resource partitioning by elasmobranchs from the tropical coastal waters of Kuala Pahang\u00a0Malaysia","volume":"18","author":"Abdullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sustain Sci Manag"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-017-0706-y","article-title":"Feeding habits of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico","volume":"101","author":"Aines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1071\/MF12131","article-title":"Ontogenetic diet shifts and food partitioning between two small sympatric skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic","volume":"63","author":"Barbini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-018-9522-5","article-title":"Comparative analysis of feeding habits and dietary niche breadth in skates: the importance of body size, snout length, and depth","volume":"28","author":"Barbini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Fish Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x","article-title":"Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances","volume":"78","author":"Baum","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"volume-title":"The Trophic Ecology of Clearnose Skates in Delaware Bay Using Stable Isotope Analysis","year":"2024","author":"Bowers","key":"2025110905583490100_bib6"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-011-9959-z","article-title":"Breaking with tradition: redefining measures for diet description with a case study of the Aleutian skate Bathyraja aleutica (Gilbert 1896)","volume":"95","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12097","article-title":"Patterns of top-down control in a seagrass ecosystem: could a roving apex predator induce a behaviour-mediated trophic cascade?","volume":"82","author":"Burkholder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0637(96)00091-X","article-title":"Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium","volume":"44","author":"Carpenter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res Part I"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.2349","article-title":"Ontogenetic movements of juvenile blacktip reef sharks: evidence of dispersal and connectivity between coastal habitats and coral reefs","volume":"23","author":"Chin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat Conserv"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/07438140902905588","article-title":"Using stable isotopes and a multiple-source mixing model to evaluate fish dietary niches in a mesotrophic lake","volume":"25","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lake Reservoir Manage"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2014.04.003","article-title":"Reproductive ecology of demersal elasmobranchs from a data-deficient fishery, Pacific of Costa Rica","volume":"157","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.06.029","article-title":"Ecological role, fishing impact, and management options for the recovery of a Mediterranean endemic skate by means of food web models","volume":"157","author":"Coll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2007.01590.x","article-title":"Residence and movement patterns of cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus within a south-west Florida estuary","volume":"71","author":"Collins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.1999.0489","article-title":"Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks","volume":"56","author":"Cortes","year":"1999","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.12.004","article-title":"Relationships between direct predation and risk effects","volume":"23","author":"Creel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3754","article-title":"Untangling the Indonesian tangle net fishery: describing a data-poor fishery targeting large, threatened rays (Superorder Batoidea)","volume":"32","author":"D'Alberto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat Conserv"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib19","article-title":"The marine fishery resources of Sri Lanka FAO","volume-title":"The marine fishery resources of Sri Lanka","author":"De\u00a0Bruin","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315413000787","article-title":"Feeding ecology of the southern thorny skate, Amblyraja doellojuradoi on the Argentine Continental Shelf","volume":"93","author":"Delpiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Ass"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib21","first-page":"294","article-title":"Taxonomy and status of the sharks and rays of Sri Lanka","volume-title":"Fauna Sri Lanka Status Taxon Res Conserv","author":"De\u00a0Silva","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2016.1198276","article-title":"Sharks caught in the KwaZulu-Natal bather protection programme, South Africa. 13. The tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier","volume":"38","author":"Dicken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12887","article-title":"Is the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier a coastal species? Expanding its distribution range in the Atlantic Ocean using at-sea observer data","volume":"88","author":"Domingo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2679.2004.00158.x","article-title":"Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes","volume":"5","author":"Dulvy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fish Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00590","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00590","article-title":"Extinction risk and conservation of the world\u2019s sharks and rays","volume":"3","author":"Dulvy","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib26","first-page":"115","article-title":"Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei)","volume-title":"Biology of skates. Developments in environmental biology of fishes 27","author":"Ebert","year":"2009"},{"article-title":"Movement patterns and trophic ecology of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) caught in the southeast United States College of Charleston","year":"2016","author":"Edman","key":"2025110905583490100_bib27"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-020-03695-w","article-title":"Dietary niche differentiation in a mesopredatory dasyatid assemblage","volume":"167","author":"Elston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-110615-085622","article-title":"Megafaunal Impacts on Structure and Function of Ocean Ecosystems","volume":"41","author":"Estes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Environ Resour"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x","article-title":"Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean","volume":"13","author":"Ferretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12508","article-title":"Buried in the sand: uncovering the ecological roles and importance of rays","volume":"22","author":"Flowers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282091","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1282091","article-title":"Top predator status and trends: ecological implications, monitoring and mitigation strategies to promote ecosystem-based management","volume":"11","author":"Fortuna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.amb.2019.08.005","article-title":"Shark ecology, the role of the apex predator and current conservation status","volume":"83","author":"Galv\u00e1n-Maga\u00f1a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Mar Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420080483-c7","article-title":"Ontogenetic shifts in movements and habitat use","volume-title":"Sharks and their relatives II","author":"Grubbs","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10228-018-0622-y","article-title":"Dietary habits of the polkadot skate Dipturus chinensis in the East China Sea","volume":"65","author":"Hara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ichthyol Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011021210685","article-title":"The biology of tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Shark Bay, Western Australia: sex ratio, size distribution, diet, and seasonal changes in catch rates","volume":"61","author":"Heithaus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fishes"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.01.003","article-title":"Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines","volume":"23","author":"Heithaus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10235","article-title":"Apparent resource partitioning and trophic structure of large-bodied marine predators in a relatively pristine seagrass ecosystem","volume":"481","author":"Heithaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1071\/MF12024","article-title":"The ecological importance of intact top-predator populations: a synthesis of 15 years of research in a seagrass ecosystem","volume":"63","author":"Heithaus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-006-0583-y","article-title":"Long-term movements of tiger sharks satellite-tagged in Shark Bay,\u00a0Western Australia","volume":"151","author":"Heithaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"volume-title":"Management of shark fishery in Sri Lanka","year":"2012","author":"Herath","key":"2025110905583490100_bib41"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-014-2536-1","article-title":"Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) movement patterns and habitat use determined by satellite tagging in eastern Australian waters","volume":"161","author":"Holmes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01806.x","article-title":"Comparing isotopic niche widths among and within communities: sIBER\u2014Stable Isotope Bayesian Ellipses in R","volume":"80","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2011.03169.x","article-title":"Feeding ecology and dietary comparisons among three sympatric Neotrygon (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) species","volume":"80","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-011-9860-9","article-title":"Methods to collect, preserve, and prepare elasmobranch tissues for stable isotope analysis","volume":"95","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45068","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045068","article-title":"Ontogenetic and among-individual variation in foraging strategies of northeast Pacific white sharks based on stable isotope analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib47","first-page":"92","article-title":"\u2020Ray fishery by trawlers off Chennai and some aspects of biology of the scaly whipray Himantura imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)","volume":"52","author":"Kizhakudan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Assoc India"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib48","first-page":"3941","article-title":"Morphology does not predict performance: jaw curvature and prey crushing in durophagous stingrays","volume":"218","author":"Kolmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643109148","volume-title":"Rays of the world Clayton South VIC","author":"Last","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3390\/d15121213","article-title":"The Indo-Pacific stingray genus Brevitrygon (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae): clarification of historical names and description of a new species, B. manjajiae sp. nov., from the Western Indian Ocean","volume":"15","author":"Last","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1071\/MF18157","article-title":"Life after death: behaviour of multiple shark species scavenging a whale carcass","volume":"70","author":"Lea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315418000759","article-title":"Feeding ecology of three sympatric species of stingrays on a tropical mudflat","volume":"99","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Ass"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3354\/esr01368","article-title":"Top predators, shared prey: isotopic niche dynamics and trophic interactions among dusky, tiger and white sharks","volume":"55","author":"Lipscombe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endang Species Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00005044","article-title":"Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding behavior of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Hawaiian waters","volume":"47","author":"Lowe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019356","article-title":"Global diversity hotspots and conservation priorities for sharks","volume":"6","author":"Lucifora","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1139\/f05-219","article-title":"Variable uptake and elimination of stable nitrogen isotopes between tissues in fish","volume":"63","author":"MacNeil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2007.01762.x","article-title":"Comparing the diet of two sympatric urolophid elasmobranchs (Trygonoptera testacea M\u00fcller & Henle and Urolophus kapalensis Yearsley & Last): evidence of ontogenetic shifts and possible resource partitioning","volume":"72","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84799","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084799","article-title":"Growth and maximum size of Tiger Sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Hawaii","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib60","first-page":"142","article-title":"A check-list of sharks and rays of western Sri Lanka","volume":"40","author":"Moron","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Assoc India"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.05.058","article-title":"Extreme inverted trophic pyramid of reef sharks supported by spawning groupers","volume":"26","author":"Mourier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-019-3607-0","article-title":"Resource partitioning among sympatric elasmobranchs in the central-western Mediterranean continental shelf","volume":"166","author":"Mulas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138657","article-title":"Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean","volume":"315","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08980","article-title":"Yo-yo vertical movements suggest a foraging strategy for tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier","volume":"424","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1071\/MF16161","article-title":"How many trophic roles can elasmobranchs play in a marine tropical network?","volume":"68","author":"Navia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4946","article-title":"Maternal meddling in neonatal sharks: implications for interpreting stable isotopes in young animals","volume":"25","author":"Olin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12104","article-title":"Dietary partitioning by five sympatric species of stingray (Dasyatidae) on coral reefs","volume":"82","author":"O'Shea","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0491.1","article-title":"Scale-dependent effects of habitat on movements and path structure of reef sharks at a predator-dominated atoll","volume":"90","author":"Papastamatiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib69","article-title":"Stable isotope analysis of Galeocerdo cuvier and Brevitrygon imbricata in Sri Lanka","volume-title":"ICONIC Oceans Database","author":"Pathirana","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-020-00976-7","article-title":"Trophic ecology of elasmobranch and teleost fishes in a large subtropical seagrass ecosystem (Florida Big Bend) determined by stable isotope analysis","volume":"103","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib71","first-page":"xi","article-title":"Fishes of the cambodian mekong:\u00a0FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes","volume-title":"Food Agric Org","author":"Rainboth","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1071\/MF9920021","article-title":"Review of the biology of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)","volume":"43","author":"Randall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/jai.13249","article-title":"Trophic levels of teleost and elasmobranch species in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea","volume":"33","author":"Rastgoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Ichthyol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00694","article-title":"Comparative diets of sympatric batoid elasmobranchs in the Gulf of Oman","volume":"27","author":"Rastgoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(99)00150-2","article-title":"Isotopic composition of nitrogen in stomatopod (Crustacea) tissues as an indicator of human sewage impacts on Indonesian coral reefs","volume":"40","author":"Risk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x","article-title":"Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation","volume":"12","author":"Ritchie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.02.014","article-title":"The ecological role of sharks on coral reefs","volume":"31","author":"Roff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74648","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074648","article-title":"Caught in the middle: combined impacts of shark removal and coral loss on the fish communities of coral reefs","volume":"8","author":"Ruppert","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0222754","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222754","article-title":"A matter of taste: spatial and ontogenetic variations on the trophic ecology of the tiger shark at the Galapagos Marine Reserve","volume":"14","author":"Salinas-de-Le\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6611(02)00024-1","article-title":"The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean","volume":"52","author":"Shankar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Oceanogr"},{"article-title":"Brevitrygon imbricata:\u00a0The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","year":"2021","author":"Sherman","key":"2025110905583490100_bib81"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1071\/MF11235","article-title":"Stable isotope analysis as a tool for elasmobranch conservation research: a primer for non-specialists","volume":"63","author":"Shiffman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1071\/MF9920033","article-title":"Biology of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) caught by the Queensland shark meshing program off Townsville","volume":"43","author":"Simpfendorfer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011021710183","article-title":"Size, sex and geographic variation in the diet of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, from Western Australian waters","volume":"61","author":"Simpfendorfer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fishes"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2989\/02577619209504744","article-title":"The feeding ecology of skates (Batoidea: Rajidae) off the Cape south coast, South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Smale","year":"1992","journal-title":"S Afr J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2000.0724","article-title":"The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (Chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems","volume":"57","author":"Stevens","year":"2000","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12884","article-title":"Isotopic niche and resource sharing among young sharks (Carcharodon carcharias and Isurus oxyrinchus) in Baja California, Mexico","volume":"613","author":"Tamburin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.2317","article-title":"Population density estimation of southern stingrays Dasyatis americana on a Caribbean atoll using distance sampling","volume":"23","author":"Tilley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat Conserv"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2023.105727","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of collagen isolation using stable isotope analysis and infrared spectroscopy","volume":"151","author":"Trayler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Archaeolog Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2016-0105","article-title":"Feeding patterns of two sympatric shark predators in coastal ecosystems of an oceanic island","volume":"74","author":"Trystram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.09.002","article-title":"Feeding strategies and resource partitioning among elasmobranchs and cephalopods in Mediterranean deep-sea ecosystems","volume":"128","author":"Valls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res Part I"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08988","article-title":"Dietary niche overlap in a nearshore elasmobranch mesopredator community","volume":"425","author":"Vaudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-18-5967-2021","article-title":"Reviews and syntheses: physical and biogeochemical processes associated with upwelling in the Indian Ocean","volume":"18","author":"Vinayachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12874","article-title":"Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity","volume":"88","author":"Weigmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83249","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083249","article-title":"Reef-fidelity and migration of tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, across the Coral Sea","volume":"9","author":"Werry","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203491317.ch8","article-title":"Food consumption and feeding habits","volume-title":"Biology of sharks and their relatives","author":"Wetherbee","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0802-3","article-title":"Fear factor: do dugongs (Dugong dugon) trade food for safety from tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier)?","volume":"153","author":"Wirsing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150408","article-title":"Sources and cycling of nitrogen revealed by stable isotopes in a highly populated large temperate coastal embayment","volume":"806","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-011-9792-4","article-title":"Dietary habits of the fanray Platyrhina tangi (Batoidea: Platyrhinidae) in Ariake bay","volume":"95","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025110905583490100_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1086\/689192","article-title":"Discrimination factors and incorporation rates for organic matrix in shark teeth based on a captive feeding study","volume":"90","author":"Zeichner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"}],"container-title":["Integrative And Comparative Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icaf076\/63723779\/icaf076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/65\/5\/1280\/63723779\/icaf076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/65\/5\/1280\/63723779\/icaf076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T10:58:53Z","timestamp":1762685933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article\/65\/5\/1280\/8196175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icaf076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-7063","1557-7023"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1540-7063"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7023"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}