{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:08:01Z","timestamp":1780506481271,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2233633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2233633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Urbanization alters habitat structure, resource availability, and influences pathogen transmission, leading to widespread ecological disruptions as it continues to expand. We investigated the impact of urbanization on physiological stress and vector-borne parasite prevalence in 3 Cardueline finch species: house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), lesser goldfinches (Spinus psaltria), and pine siskins (S. pinus). We hypothesized that urbanization level (urban, suburban, and rural) would be associated with higher heterophil to lymphocyte (H\/L) ratios, a proxy of stress, and increased parasite prevalence. To test this, we quantified H\/L ratios, parasite prevalence and parasite load on blood smears with light microscopy. We found no significant effect of urbanization on H\/L ratios, suggesting that urbanization did not strongly influence this measure of stress. Instead, sampling date was a significant predictor of H\/L ratios, with H\/L increasing as the season progressed, which may reflect the breeding season in California. Sampling date also significantly predicted parasitemia in house finches, suggesting a potential role of seasonal variation in infection risk. Also, suburban house finches had significantly higher parasite prevalence than urban individuals, which may reflect differences in environmental factors such as nearby water availability and agricultural land use. Across species, lesser goldfinches exhibited significantly higher H\/L ratios than house finches, but pine siskins did not differ from the other finches. Our results emphasize the importance of considering both seasonal dynamics and local environmental conditions when assessing the ecological impacts of urbanization on avian health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T07:26:16Z","timestamp":1750058776000},"page":"216-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Urbanization and Sampling Date on Blood Immunophysiology and Haemosporidian Parasitemia in Cardueline Finches"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Her","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University, Fresno Department of Biology, , Fresno, CA 97240 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4587-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel W G","family":"Slade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University, Fresno Department of Biology, , Fresno, CA 97240 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.008","article-title":"Urban domestic dog populations as a source of canine distemper virus for wild carnivores in the Coquimbo region of Chile","volume":"152","author":"Acosta-Jamett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20151429","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1429","article-title":"Feeder use predicts both acquisition and transmission of a contagious pathogen in a North American songbird","volume":"282","author":"Adelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12076","article-title":"Multiple infections and the evolution of virulence","volume":"16","author":"Alizon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660310001618334","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers","volume":"44","author":"Altan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.houfin.01","article-title":"House finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)","volume-title":"Birds of the World","author":"Badyaev","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","article-title":"QuPath: open source software for digital pathology image analysis","volume":"7","author":"Bankhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib8","author":"Barto\u0144","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.276","article-title":"Associations of urban environmental pollution with health-related physiological traits in a free-living bird species","volume":"601\u2013602","author":"Bauerov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"icaf005","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf005","article-title":"Cardueline finches vary in constitutive innate immunity against a harmful strain of Avian Salmonella","author":"Biehler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.10.006","article-title":"Multiple indices of body condition reveal no negative effect of urbanization in adult house sparrows","volume":"104","author":"B\u00f3kony","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib12","first-page":"93","article-title":"Urbanization and the natural drainage system\u2014impacts, solutions, and prognoses","volume":"7","author":"Booth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Northwest Eviron J"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0751","article-title":"Carotenoids, sexual signals and immune function in barn swallows from Chernobyl","volume":"266","author":"Camplani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109244","article-title":"Coping with light pollution in urban environments: patterns and challenges","volume":"27","author":"Candolin","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.58843\/ornneo.v28i0.218","article-title":"Leukocyte profile and body condition of the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) in two sites with different levels of urbanization in central Mexico","volume":"28","author":"Carb\u00f3-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ornitol Neotropical"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03544414","article-title":"Leukocyte profiles and body condition of free-living burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) from rural and urban areas in the Argentinean Pampas","volume":"26","author":"Cavalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ornitol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.08.001","article-title":"Stress responses of the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) to different urban land uses","volume":"98","author":"Ch\u00e1vez-Zichinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib18","volume-title":"Atlas of Clinical Avian Hematology Chichester","author":"Clark","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607632","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.607632","article-title":"The impact of acute loud noise on the behavior of laboratory birds","volume":"7","author":"Corbani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1086\/677541","article-title":"How important are hemoparasites to migratory songbirds? Evaluating physiological measures and infection status in three neotropical migrants during stopover","volume":"87","author":"Cornelius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.057174","article-title":"Physiological trade-offs in self-maintenance: plumage molt and stress physiology in birds","volume":"214","author":"Cornelius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2307\/1365933","article-title":"Maintenance behavior of lesser and Lawrence\u2019s goldfinches","volume":"70","author":"Coutlee","year":"1968","journal-title":"The Condor"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib23","first-page":"127","article-title":"Heterophile\/lymphocyte profiles are associated with mass increase and moulting in the semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla at wintering sites in NE South America","volume":"56","author":"Da\u00a0Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ornithol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-004-0134-2","article-title":"Leukocyte profiles in wild house finches with and without mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, a recently emerged bacterial disease","volume":"1","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x","article-title":"The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.pinsis.01","article-title":"Pine siskin (Spinus pinus)","volume-title":"Birds of the World","author":"Dawson","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.03.001","article-title":"Migratory birds have higher prevalence and richness of avian haemosporidian parasites than residents","volume":"51","author":"de\u00a0Angeli\u00a0Dutra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.12.019","article-title":"Parasite\u2013bird interactions in urban areas: current evidence and emerging questions","volume":"105","author":"Delgado-V","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4414-2","article-title":"Differential influence of urbanisation on Coccidian infection in two passerine birds","volume":"114","author":"Delgado-V","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1086\/491659","article-title":"Dynamics of multiple infection and within-host competition in genetically diverse malaria infections","volume":"166","author":"De\u00a0Roode","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.06.014","article-title":"A consensus endocrine profile for chronically stressed wild animals does not exist","volume":"191","author":"Dickens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.11.005","article-title":"Plasmodium spp.: an experimental study on vertebrate host susceptibility to avian malaria","volume":"148","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib33","first-page":"26","article-title":"Detection of malaria parasites and other haemosporidia in migratory and native birds in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces","volume":"26","author":"Ehsani-Amrei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2007.00680.x","article-title":"Sources of variation in haematocrit in birds","volume":"149","author":"Fair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13760","article-title":"The role of different Culex mosquito species in the transmission of West Nile virus and avian malaria parasites in Mediterranean areas","volume":"68","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0209289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209289","article-title":"Glucocorticoid response to both predictable and unpredictable challenges detected as corticosterone metabolites in collared flycatcher droppings","volume":"13","author":"Fletcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0908-8857.2008.04248.x","article-title":"Interspecific variation in avian blood parasites and haematology associated with urbanization in a desert habitat","volume":"39","author":"Fokidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib38","volume-title":"Patterns of Sprawl in Fresno and the Central San Joaquin Valley: Confronting Past, Present, and Future Housing Development Trends","author":"Freemark","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-014-1130-0","article-title":"Relationships between plumage coloration, diet diversity, and winter body condition in the lesser goldfinch","volume":"156","author":"Frincke-Craig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ornithol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155446","article-title":"Does urbanization impact terrestrial vertebrate ectotherms across a biodiversity hotspot?","volume":"835","author":"Gainsbury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.03.021","article-title":"The avian heterophil","volume":"41","author":"Genovese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.57","article-title":"West Nile Virus antibodies in avian species of Georgia, USA: 2000\u20132004","volume":"6","author":"Gibbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86747","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086747","article-title":"Parasites in the city: degree of urbanization predicts poxvirus and coccidian infections in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus)","volume":"9","author":"Giraudeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib107_480_275625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13648","article-title":"What are you actually measuring? A review of techniques that integrate the stress response on distinct time-scales","volume":"34","author":"Gormally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-020","article-title":"Survival and cause-specific mortality of Red foxes in agricultural and urban areas of Illinois","volume":"71","author":"Gosselink","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-019-01648-9","article-title":"A physiological perspective on the ecology and evolution of partial migration","volume":"160","author":"Hegemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ornithol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7290","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01408-12","article-title":"Epidemiology of a Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium strain associated with a Songbird outbreak","volume":"78","author":"Hernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195148480.001.0001","volume-title":"A Red Bird in a Brown Bag: The Function and Evolution of Colorful Plumage in the House Finch","author":"Hill","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.1998.00244.x","article-title":"Haematological health state indices of reproducing great tits: a response to brood size manipulation","volume":"12","author":"H\u00f5rak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","article-title":"Simultaneous inference in general parametric models","volume":"50","author":"Hothorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137332","article-title":"Physiological stress does not increase with urbanization in European blackbirds: evidence from hormonal, immunological and cellular indicators","volume":"721","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-\u00c1lamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5735\/086.048.0405","article-title":"Variation of the reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) body condition and haematological parameters in relation to sex, age and season","volume":"48","author":"Jakubas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Zool Fenn"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43314-1_12","article-title":"Pollutants in urbanized areas: direct and indirect effects on bird populations","volume-title":"Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments","author":"Kekkonen","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2023.114388","article-title":"Changes in hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis function, immunity, and glucose during acute Plasmodium relictum infection in house sparrows (Passer domesticus)","volume":"345","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2088","article-title":"Immune profiles vary seasonally, but are not significantly related to migration distance or natal dispersal, in a migratory songbird","volume":"327","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Zool A: Ecol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2191-2","article-title":"Seasonal migration distance varies with natal dispersal and predicts parasitic infection in song sparrows","volume":"60","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5735\/086.047.0504","article-title":"Effects of forest management on haematological parameters, blood parasites, and reproductive success of the Siberian tit (Poecile cinctus) in Northern Finland","volume":"47","author":"Krams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Zool Fenn"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12043","article-title":"Acute infection of avian malaria impairs concentration of haemoglobin and survival in juvenile altricial birds","volume":"291","author":"Krams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0445-y","article-title":"Tweedie distributions for fitting semicontinuous health care utilization cost data","volume":"17","author":"Kurz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06431.x","article-title":"Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria","volume":"1249","author":"LaPointe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01261","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1261","article-title":"The implications of mid-latitude climate extremes for North American migratory bird populations","volume":"7","author":"La\u00a0Sorte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.2307\/1590996","article-title":"Leukocyte changes associated with acute inflammation in chickens","volume":"32","author":"Latimer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib108_655_271225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-048X.2010.05310.x","article-title":"Elevated corticosterone in feathers correlates with corticosterone-induced decreased feather quality: a validation study","volume":"42","author":"Lattin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.977","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in woodchucks across an urban\u2013rural gradient","volume":"46","author":"Lehrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib63","author":"Lenth","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081395","article-title":"Associations of forest type, parasitism and body condition of two European passerines, Fringilla coelebs and Sylvia atricapilla","volume":"8","author":"L\u00fcdtke","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"obz017","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obz017","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and \u201cstress\u201d are not synonymous","volume":"1","author":"MacDougall-Shackleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr Org Biol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.11.058","article-title":"Contaminant concentrations in breeding and non-breeding northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis L.) from the Canadian high arctic","volume":"64","author":"Mallory","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2391","article-title":"Body condition and poxvirus infection predict circulating glucose levels in a colorful songbird that inhabits urban and rural environments","volume":"333","author":"McGraw","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Zool Part Ecol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation","volume":"52","author":"McKinney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120771","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0771","article-title":"Experimentally increased noise levels change spatial and singing behaviour","volume":"9","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12941","article-title":"Evolution of heterophil\/lymphocyte ratios in response to ecological and life-history traits: a comparative analysis across the avian tree of life","volume":"88","author":"Minias","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"obad027","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obad027","article-title":"Seasonal changes in hematological parameters in house sparrows of subtropical Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"Nimra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr Org Biol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-009-0387-1","article-title":"Variation of adult Great Tit Parus major body condition and blood parameters in relation to sex, age, year and season","volume":"150","author":"Norte","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ornithol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0210","article-title":"Great tits Parus major trade health for reproduction","volume":"263","author":"Ots","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/108.2.389","article-title":"Seasonal differences in immunological condition of three species of thrushes","volume":"108","author":"Owen","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Condor"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.10.007","article-title":"Plasmodium relictum (lineage SGS1) and Plasmodium ashfordi (lineage GRW2): the effects of the co-infection on experimentally infected passerine birds","volume":"127","author":"Palinauskas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-014-3108-2","article-title":"Physiological pace of life: the link between constitutive immunity, developmental period, and metabolic rate in European birds","volume":"177","author":"Pap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.05.015","article-title":"Multiple effects of urbanization on the biodiversity of developing countries: the case of a fast-growing metropolitan area (Concepci\u00f3n, Chile)","volume":"127","author":"Pauchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00175","article-title":"Correlates of co-infection with coccidiosis and avian malaria in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus)","volume":"60","author":"Penha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.2307\/3802774","article-title":"Demographic factors contributing to high raccoon densities in urban landscapes","volume":"67","author":"Prange","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01924-8","article-title":"Mites and birds: diversity, parasitism and coevolution","volume":"15","author":"Proctor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib81","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.10.007","article-title":"Urban birdsongs: higher minimum song frequency of an urban colonist persists in a common garden experiment","volume":"170","author":"Reichard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00164","article-title":"Pathogen-induced stress in wild house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus): leukocyte dynamics as health indicators","volume":"61","author":"Reinoso-P\u00e9rez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0520-0","article-title":"Influence of urbanization on the epidemiology of intestinal helminths of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"101","author":"Reperant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.1.11","article-title":"Exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in California","volume":"40","author":"Riley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14852-1_10","article-title":"Energy balance and thermoregulation","volume-title":"In a Class of Their Own. Fascinating Life Sciences","author":"Ritchison","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/104.1.129","article-title":"Corticosterone responses in wild birds: the importance of rapid initial sampling","volume":"104","author":"Romero","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Condor"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib88","volume-title":"Tempests, poxes, predators, and people: stress in wild animals and how they cope, tempests, poxes, predators, and people: stress in wild animals and how they cope","author":"Romero","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111088","article-title":"Endocrinology of thermoregulation in birds in a changing climate","volume":"519","author":"Ruuskanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-025-01708-y","article-title":"Health stress in birds increase with urbanization in a large tropical city","author":"Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00199","article-title":"Bird leg skin lesions and urbanization in a neotropical savanna city","volume":"60","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173379","article-title":"Urbanization reduces diversity, simplifies community and filter bird species based on their functional traits in a tropical city","volume":"935","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib93","volume-title":"Avian Immunology","author":"Schat","year":"2014","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00068.x","article-title":"Detection of Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, including three novel genotypes in ticks (Acari: ixodidae) collected from songbirds (Passeriformes) across Canada","volume":"35","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1139\/z91-013","article-title":"Preservation of avian blood and tissue samples for DNA analyses","volume":"69","author":"Seutin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib96","first-page":"433","article-title":"Effects of urbanization on water resources-facts and figures","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sci Eng Res"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02199-6","article-title":"Effects of ambient temperature during the nestling stage on a stress indicator in nestling pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca","volume":"66","author":"Skwarska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001384","article-title":"Co-infections of haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites in a North American songbird","volume":"143","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr147","article-title":"Retroposon insertions and the chronology of avian sex chromosome evolution","volume":"28","author":"Suh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203643792","volume-title":"Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia","author":"Valkiunas","year":"2004","edition":"0 ed"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127984","article-title":"Gender and personality differences in response to social stressors in great tits (Parus major)","volume":"10","author":"Van\u00a0Der\u00a0Meer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19805-1","article-title":"Fitness consequences of chronic exposure to different light pollution wavelengths in nocturnal and diurnal rodents","volume":"12","author":"Vardi-Naim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.lesgol.01","article-title":"Lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria)","volume-title":"Birds of the World","author":"Watt","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb185058","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.185058","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the timing of breeding and molt transitions in house finches","volume":"228","author":"Watts","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2248-2","article-title":"Seasonal expression of migratory behavior in a facultative migrant, the pine siskin","volume":"71","author":"Watts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-49","article-title":"Avipoxviruses: infection biology and their use as vaccine vectors","volume":"8","author":"Weli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2025091914181499000_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/109.2.419","article-title":"Geographic variation in color, measurements, and molt of the lesser goldfinch in North America does not support subspecific designation","volume":"109","author":"Willoughby","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Condor"}],"container-title":["Integrative And Comparative Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icaf103\/63500070\/icaf103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/65\/2\/216\/63500070\/icaf103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/65\/2\/216\/63500070\/icaf103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T18:18:31Z","timestamp":1758305911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article\/65\/2\/216\/8163813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icaf103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-7063","1557-7023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-7063","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]}}}