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To facilitate comparisons across taxa and ecosystems, we discuss the importance of a cross-scale approach to better characterize the ways in which climate change processes threaten wildlife immunity. Centering available examples from the vertebrate wildlife literature, we supplement with examples from the livestock literature to illustrate ways in which abiotic stress impacts immunity from molecular to community scales of biological organization. To highlight opportunities for cross-scale integration, we present a series of vignettes\u2014drought, temperature extremes, storms and flooding, and habitat alterations and shifts\u2014prior to discussing the complexities inherent to studying multiple interacting threats using heavy metal contamination as an example. Finally, we outline mechanisms by which collaborations across disciplines and sectors can continue strengthening capacity for studying the drivers of climate change-associated threats to wildlife immunology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T11:32:44Z","timestamp":1755603164000},"page":"1755-1771","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Understanding Climate Change Threats to Vertebrate Wildlife by Studying Ecoimmunology Across Biological Scales"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0969-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C","family":"Fagre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, , Fort Collins, CO, 80523","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, , Ames, IA, 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36849","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8402-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen G","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, , Fort Collins, CO, 80523","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121007125687800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-015-9882-y","article-title":"Effects of dissolved oxygen and fish size on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.): growth performance, whole-body composition, and innate immunity","volume":"23","author":"Abdel-Tawwab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquacult 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