{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:36:09Z","timestamp":1765373769228,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-1257562","DEB-1802296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1257562","DEB-1802296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Animals encounter information simultaneously, combining input from multiple sensory systems before responding behaviorally. When cues in different sensory modalities interact, they may have direct impacts on sensory perception, allowing the animal to perceive stimuli that it would otherwise have missed, or the cues may instead impact motivation, tightly honing the animal's focus onto a stimulus or distracting it. Here, we investigated how interacting chemical and visual cues affected behavior in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemical cues can enhance the visual perception of zebrafish directly, for example, through the terminal nerve axons of the olfactory bulb that project to the neural retina. Alternatively, chemical cues may increase attention to or distract individuals from visual cues. Furthermore, the salience or strength of each cue may determine how the animal responds. Specifically, we tested if the reflexive response to an optomotor response (OMR) visual cue differed when presented with alanine, an amino acid that mimics foraging chemical cues, to explore if cues in a second sensory modality can affect reflexive responses. We found that foraging chemical cues did not affect zebrafish's likelihood of responding to the visual cue, and thus likely did not affect perception of visual cues. However, fish took longer to respond to visual cues in the presence of chemical cues, and this delayed response was significant only when the visual cue was weak. These findings suggest that the primary effect of secondary sensory cues may be through shifts in motivation rather than perception. We also found that the relative significance (salience) of interacting cues has important implications on determining the outcomes of sensory interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T11:45:39Z","timestamp":1756381539000},"page":"1302-1311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Presence of Chemical Cues Likely Alters Motivation, Rather than Perception of Weak Visual Cues"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9216-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgie D","family":"Puffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Baltimore County Department of Biological Sciences, , Baltimore, MD, 21250 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, 85281 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Em\u00edlia P","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, 85281 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piyumika S","family":"Suriyampola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, 85281 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.10.044","article-title":"Olfactory conditioning in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"198","author":"Braubach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.04.021","article-title":"Anatomical connections suitable for the direct processing of neuronal information of different modalities via the rodent primary auditory cortex","volume":"258","author":"Budinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/371511a0","article-title":"Selective suppression of the magnocellular visual pathway during saccadic eye movements","volume":"371","author":"Burr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-2006-00114","article-title":"Role of chemical and visual cues in food recognition by leatherback posthatchlings (Dermochelys coriacea L)","volume":"106","author":"Constantino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.08.008","article-title":"Kinematically distinct saccades are used in a context-dependent manner by larval zebrafish","volume":"34","author":"Dowell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.11.002","article-title":"Sensory modalities in cichlid fish behavior","volume":"6","author":"Escobar-Camacho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.12.001","article-title":"Experimental ethology of learning indesert ants: becoming expert navigators","volume":"158","author":"Freas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90286-0","article-title":"Ganglion cells of the terminal nerve: morphology and electrophysiology","volume":"335","author":"Fujita","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-004-0865-7","article-title":"Complex signal function: developing a framework oftestable hypotheses","volume":"57","author":"Hebets","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2025121007125793000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00224","article-title":"What can other animals tell us about human social cognition? 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