{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:05:52Z","timestamp":1790031952925,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET-2442036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET-2442036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the hypothesis that the whirligig beetle utilizes a water surface-wave analog of echolocation, we analyzed the stationary capillary-gravity wave field generated during its high-speed swimming (&amp;gt;23 cm\/s) at the air-water interface. Our wave dynamics analysis reveals that as the beetle swims past a static object, the object broadcasts a reflected wave. When the object is in the path of beetle\u2019s swimming, a single frequency signal is generated. On the other hand, an object off the swimming path reflects a time-dependent frequency that pitches down, creating a distinct downchirp signal. Furthermore, the Doppler effect shifts and widens the frequency range of the perceived signal. The echo arrives with enough time for the beetle to respond to obstacles, allowing it to detect upstream obstacles before physical contact. This suggests that this wave field has the potential to significantly extend the beetle\u2019s sensory range. When integrated with its specialized split-vision eyes, this ripple-based echolocation would complete an essential, multimodal sensory system, granting the whirligig beetle spatial awareness across all three fluid domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icag025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:51:43Z","timestamp":1776430303000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Downchirp Echo From a Stationary Water Surface Wave Field Accompanying Whirligig Beetle (\n                    <i>Gyrinidae<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Roh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240213","article-title":"Stimulus discrimination and wave source localization in fishing spiders (Dolomedes triton and D. okefinokensis)","volume":"174","author":"Bleckmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80100-8","article-title":"The vertebrate-catching behaviour of the fishing spider Dolomedes triton (Araneae, Pisauridae)","volume":"35","author":"Bleckmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20141083","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1083","article-title":"Predator-induced flow disturbances alert prey, from the onset of an attack","volume":"281","author":"Casas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691213880","volume-title":"Air and water: the biology and physics of life\u2019s media","author":"Denny","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib5","first-page":"184","article-title":"The presumed function of Johnston\u2019s sensory organ in","volume":"68","author":"Eggers","year":"1926","journal-title":"Gyrinus Zool Anz"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib6","first-page":"136","article-title":"Further information on the Johnston\u2019s sensory organ and avoidance ability of whirligig beetles","volume":"71","author":"Eggers","year":"1927","journal-title":"Zool Anz"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00305","article-title":"Aquatic turning performance by the whirligig beetle: constraints on maneuverability by a rigid biological system","volume":"206","author":"Fish","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050108","article-title":"Visual control of cursorial prey pursuit by tiger beetles (Cicindelidae)","volume":"181","author":"Gilbert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.06.051","article-title":"Echolocation","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib10","first-page":"405","article-title":"Ecological and sensory aspects of prey capture by the whirligig beetle dineutes discolor (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae)","volume":"91","author":"Kolmes","year":"1983","journal-title":"J N Y Entomol Soc"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10562","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0913-15.2015","article-title":"Neural mechanisms for acoustic signal detection under strong masking in an insect","volume":"35","author":"Kostarakos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib12","volume-title":"Hydrodynamics","author":"Lamb","year":"1924"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023009","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.90.023009","article-title":"Mach-like capillary-gravity wakes","volume":"90","author":"Moisy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00612568","article-title":"Phonotaxis to individual rhythmic components of a complex cricket calling song","volume":"144","author":"Pollack","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176717","article-title":"Position preferences within groups: do whirligigs select positions which balance feeding opportunities with predator avoidance?","volume":"37","author":"Romey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib16","first-page":"43","article-title":"Theories about target ranging in bat sonar","volume":"13","author":"Simmons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acoust Today"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170324","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0324","article-title":"The morphological heterogeneity of cricket flow-sensing hairs conveys the complex flow signature of predator attacks","volume":"14","author":"Steinmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.11.008","article-title":"Whirligig beetle uses lift-based thrust for fastest insect swimming","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3907.897","article-title":"Wave-making by whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae)","volume":"166","author":"Tucker","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0210","article-title":"The management of fluid and wave resistances by whirligig beetles","volume":"7","author":"Voise","year":"2010","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43607-3_15","article-title":"Echolocation in whirligig beetles using surface waves: an unsubstantiated conjecture","volume-title":"Studying vibrational communication","author":"Voise","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib22","volume-title":"Linear and nonlinear waves","author":"Whitham","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00694840","article-title":"Communication by surface waves","volume":"80","author":"Wilcox","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/11956860.1995.11682274","article-title":"Ripple communication in aquatic and semiaquatic insects","volume":"2","author":"Wilcox","year":"1995","journal-title":"\u00c9coscience"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib25","first-page":"381","article-title":"Contribution to the physiology of the Johnston organ and its part in the behaviour of the Gyrinus","volume":"25","author":"Wilde","year":"1941","journal-title":"Arch Neer de Physiol"},{"key":"2026052212185872200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20133072","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3072","article-title":"Static antennae act as locomotory guides that compensate for visual motion blur in a diurnal, keen-eyed predator","volume":"281","author":"Zurek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"}],"container-title":["Integrative And Comparative Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag025\/68115724\/icag025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag025\/68115724\/icag025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag025\/68115724\/icag025.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:19:02Z","timestamp":1779466742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag025\/8659267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icag025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-7023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-7023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"icag025"}}