{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:51:49Z","timestamp":1787727109331,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":153,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005835","name":"American Museum of Natural History","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-04,303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-04,303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007633","name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Insect declines have been recorded in many parts of the world, however, the vast majority of taxa and ecosystems, particularly in the tropics, remain poorly documented. Monitoring insects in the tropics is challenging due to their immense diversity, and the limited resources for research. It is therefore crucial to maximally leverage existing scientific capacity. In complement to DNA-based approaches, or as an alternative that bypasses some of their shortcomings, automated, passive insect monitoring devices are a new tool that can assess insect diversity with standardization and scalability. An additional benefit of insect monitoring devices is the ability to program simultaneous, autonomous monitoring in remote regions that would be very resource intensive to monitor with traditional methodologies. Here, we describe the results of an insect monitoring expedition in Cerro Hoya National Park, Panama, which utilized 19 Mothboxes (automated light traps) deployed across an elevation gradient from 119 to 1534 m above sea level. Images were processed by the Mothbot computer vision system and manually validated at order level. For further validation, we sorted one order, \u2013 Coleoptera (beetles), to the level of morphospecies. Three days of sampling yielded 64,352 insect detections representing 17 orders. Within the Coleoptera, we detected 26 families and 142 species. Species richness and Shannon diversity decreased with increasing elevation, despite signs of anthropogenic disturbance at lower elevations. The number of detections (a proxy for activity patterns and abundance) also decreased with elevation except for the highest sampling points. Across all elevations, insect activity was greatest at the beginning of the night, with 40% of all insect detections occurring within an hour and a half of sunset, however trends differed between taxonomic groups. This study highlights the potential for automated insect monitors to enable large-scale insect monitoring in remote locations with small teams. Automated insect monitoring does not replace entomologists, but rather greatly expands their capacity for monitoring insect diversity at scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icag072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:29:44Z","timestamp":1780399784000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simultaneous Automated Insect Monitoring Across a Remote Tropical Elevation Gradient With Mothbox"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4290-4660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert A","family":"Szczygie\u0142","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, , Medicinaregatan 7B, 413 90 G\u00f6teborg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute ; Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Anc\u00f3n , Rep\u00fablica de","place":["Panam\u00e1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Quitmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Naturalism Laboratories , Sibert Ave 123B, 0801, Gamboa, Col\u00f3n Province ,","place":["Panama"]},{"name":"University of Washington Department of Human Centered Design & Engineering, , 3960 Benton Lane NE 428, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy H","family":"Dent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute ; Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Anc\u00f3n , Rep\u00fablica de","place":["Panam\u00e1"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78467 , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"ETH, 8092 Department of Environmental Systems Science, , Z\u00fcrich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Sondhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Zuleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, , Medicinaregatan 7B, 413 90 G\u00f6teborg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1842-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, , Medicinaregatan 7B, 413 90 G\u00f6teborg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , Richmond, London TW9 3AE ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"University of Oxford Department of Biology, , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12712","article-title":"CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change","volume":"21","author":"Anderson-Teixeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13428","article-title":"Automatic image-based identification and biomass estimation of invertebrates","volume":"11","author":"\u00c4rje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226727","article-title":"Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest","volume":"338","author":"Basset","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020343","article-title":"An automated light trap to monitor moths (Lepidoptera) using computer vision-based tracking and Deep learning","volume":"21","author":"Bjerge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s44358-025-00038-9","article-title":"Causes and consequences of insect decline in tropical forests","volume":"1","author":"Boyle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Biodivers"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2026.111711","article-title":"Timing of attraction to light of nocturnal insects is spectrum and taxon dependent: implications for mitigating light pollution","volume":"315","author":"Charvalakis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809320106","article-title":"Elevation increases in moth assemblages over 42 years on a tropical mountain","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2023.02.012","article-title":"Future of DNA-based insect monitoring","volume":"39","author":"Chua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709472105","article-title":"Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude","volume":"105","author":"Deutsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12408","article-title":"Interpreting insect declines: seven challenges and a way forward","volume":"13","author":"Didham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Conserv Divers"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251817","article-title":"Defaunation in the anthropocene","volume":"345","author":"Dirzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062605463749600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.14193","article-title":"30 years of terrestrial insect richness patterns across elevation: what have we learned? 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