{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:57:49Z","timestamp":1790773069777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":254,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-MSCA-IF-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-IF-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101028747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101028747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M822.00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M822.00039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Facultative paedomorphosis refers to the ability of individuals within a species to reach sexual maturity either by undergoing metamorphosis (metamorph) or by retaining larval traits into adulthood (paedomorph). This developmental flexibility provides a natural framework to investigate how facultative ontogenetic pathways shape morphological variation. Here, we investigate how life cycle variation (metamorphs, paedomorphs, and paedomorphs undergoing metamorphosis) affects the size and morphology of the body and feeding apparatus (cranium, mandible, and hyoid) in the Alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris), using both linear and geometric morphometric approaches. Our results reveal clear differentiation in size, allometric trajectories, and morphology of both the body and the feeding apparatus. Paedomorphs are smaller and exhibit morphologies consistent with aquatic functional demands and the consequences of incomplete metamorphosis, particularly in the feeding apparatus, which normally undergoes extensive remodeling during metamorphosis. Individuals undergoing metamorphosis are morphologically distinct from paedomorphs but overlap with metamorphs in body size, suggesting that metamorphosis involves rapid skeletal reorganization before post-metamorphic growth occurs. Moreover, patterns of morphological integration and modularity do not differ between life cycle categories, suggesting that the developmental interdependence of phenotypic traits does not promote the morphological changes observed in species that experience facultative paedomorphosis. Paedomorphic populations nevertheless show higher morphological disparity in the feeding apparatus, likely reflecting variation in the degree of ossification and remodeling resulting from incomplete metamorphosis. Overall, these results show that facultative life cycles strongly structure body and feeding morphology in Alpine newts, while leaving trait covariation largely unchanged. These findings emphasize the potential of developmental plasticity to generate substantial morphological diversity within a same species, providing a basis for understanding how paedomorphic lineages maintain morphological variation despite persistent developmental constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icag164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:48:07Z","timestamp":1789127287000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intraspecific Variation in Life Cycle Impacts the Morphology of Alpine Newts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8895-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgane","family":"Fournier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universit\u00e4t Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde , Bern 3005 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4648-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Louppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universit\u00e4t Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde , Bern 3005 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0493-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Toussaint-Lard\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universit\u00e4t Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde , Bern 3005 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"M\u00e9canismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179, Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle CNRS , Paris 75005 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Pierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universit\u00e4t Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde , Bern 3005 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narimane","family":"Chatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building Functional Anatomy and Vertebrate Evolution Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, , Berkeley, CA 94720 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z Jack","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building Functional Anatomy and Vertebrate Evolution Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, , Berkeley, CA 94720 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen 72074 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen Geosciences Department, , T\u00fcbingen 72076 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kyriakouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen 72074 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen Geosciences Department, , T\u00fcbingen 72076 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Taillades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universit\u00e4t Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde , Bern 3005 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"M\u00e9canismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179, Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle CNRS , Paris 75005 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Ghent University Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, , Ghent 9000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauriane","family":"Poloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biog\u00e9osciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe , Dijon 21000 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"EPHE, PSL University , Paris 75014,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Clavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1 CNRS, UMR 5023 - LEHNA, Laboratoire d\u2019Ecologie des Hydrosyst\u00e8mes Naturels et Anthropis\u00e9s, Villeurbanne 69622 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Claire","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universit\u00e4t Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde , Bern 3005 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"The Natural History Museum Department of Life Sciences, , London SW7 5BD ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib1","author":"Adams","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94335","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094335","article-title":"Assessing trait covariation and morphological integration on phylogenies using evolutionary covariance matrices","volume":"9","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035","article-title":"Geomorph: an r package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300006588","article-title":"Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny","volume":"5","author":"Alberch","year":"1979","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703877114","article-title":"Evidence for complex life cycle constraints on salamander body form diversification","volume":"114","author":"Bonett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13723","article-title":"geomorph v4.0 and gmShiny: Enhanced analytics and a new graphical interface for a comprehensive morphometric experience","volume":"12","author":"Baken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.373","article-title":"Repeated ecological and life cycle transitions make salamanders an ideal model for evolution and development","volume":"251","author":"Bonett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12274","article-title":"Evolution of paedomorphosis in plethodontid salamanders: ecological correlates and re-evolution of metamorphosis","volume":"68","author":"Bonett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.03.021","article-title":"Amphibian metamorphosis","volume":"306","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1980.tb01916.x","article-title":"The skull and jaw musculature as guides to the ancestry of salamanders","volume":"68","author":"Carroll","year":"1980","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.1.44","article-title":"Developmental integration and the evolution of pleiotropy","volume":"36","author":"Cheverud","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy045","article-title":"A penalized likelihood framework for high-dimensional phylogenetic comparative methods and an application to new-world monkeys brain evolution","volume":"68","author":"Clavel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12420","article-title":"mvMORPH: an R package for fitting multivariate evolutionary models to morphometric data","volume":"6","author":"Clavel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1096-3642.2002.00004.x","article-title":"Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae","volume":"134","author":"Deban","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012632590-4\/50004-6","article-title":"Aquatic feeding in salamanders","volume-title":"Feeding","author":"Deban","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2003.03366.x","article-title":"How do paedomorphic newts cope with lake drying?","volume":"26","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib17","first-page":"165","article-title":"On the identification of paedomorphic and overwintering larval newts based on cloacal shape: review and guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Zool"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.99.152115","article-title":"Insights from paedomorphic newts in introduced populations","volume":"99","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2025","journal-title":"NeoBiota"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.2001.00634.x","article-title":"Biogeography and ecology of paedomorphosis in Triturus alpestris (Amphibia, Caudata)","volume":"28","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2005.00001.x","article-title":"Effects of widespread fish introductions on paedomorphic newts in Europe","volume":"19","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12173","article-title":"Heterochrony in a complex world: disentangling environmental processes of facultative paedomorphosis in an amphibian","volume":"83","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01347","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1347","article-title":"Traditionally managed landscapes do not prevent amphibian decline and the extinction of paedomorphosis","volume":"89","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-278","article-title":"Sexual size dimorphism in the evolutionary context of facultative paedomorphosis: insights from European newts","volume":"9","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793105006858","article-title":"Evolutionary ecology of facultative paedomorphosis in newts and salamanders","volume":"80","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1168","article-title":"Neoteny and progenesis as two heterochronic processes involved in paedomorphosis in Triturus alpestris (Amphibia: Caudata)","volume":"267","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2023.109937","article-title":"Quantifying rarity of intraspecific diversity at multiple spatial scales by combining fine-grain citizen-based data across national boundaries","volume":"280","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zov003","article-title":"Newt life after fish introduction: extirpation of paedomorphosis in a mountain fish lake and newt use of satellite pools","volume":"62","author":"Deno\u00ebl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Zool"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(200002)243:2%3c127::AID-JMOR2%3e3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Paedogenesis in European newts (Triturus: salamandridae): cranial morphology during ontogeny","volume":"243","author":"Djorovi\u0107","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-0977-2","article-title":"Paedomorphosis in Ambystoma talpoideum: effects of initial body size variation and density","volume":"156","author":"Doyle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib30","first-page":"71","article-title":"The pace of morphological change: Historical transformation of skull shape in St Bernard dogs","volume":"275","author":"Drake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1086\/650372","article-title":"Large-scale diversification of skull shape in domestic dogs: Disparity and modularity","volume":"175","author":"Drake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801847806","volume-title":"Biology of Amphibians","author":"Duellman","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib33","first-page":"16","article-title":"An overview of the occurrence of paedomorphosis in Yugoslav newts (Triturus, Salamandridae) populations","volume":"34","author":"D\u017euki\u0107","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brit Herpetol SOC Bull"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1225-3","article-title":"Metamorphosis shapes cranial diversity and rate of evolution in salamanders","volume":"4","author":"Fabre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz052","article-title":"Evolutionary integration and modularity in the archosaur cranium","volume":"59","author":"Felice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib36","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130254","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0254","article-title":"The macroevolutionary consequences of phenotypic integration: from development to deep time","volume":"369","author":"Goswami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13022","article-title":"DispRity: a modular R package for measuring disparity","volume":"9","author":"Guillerme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.091991","article-title":"Masters of change: seasonal plasticity in the prey-capture behavior of the Alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris (Salamandridae)","volume":"216","author":"Heiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40851-019-0140-4","article-title":"Same but different: aquatic prey capture in paedomorphic and metamorphic Alpine newts","volume":"5","author":"Heiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoological Lett"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib41","first-page":"467","article-title":"The Desmognathine Jaw Mechanism (Amphibia: caudata: plethodontidae)","volume":"27","author":"Hinderstein","year":"1971","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-013-0202-7","article-title":"Facultative paedomorphosis and the pattern of intra- and interspecific variation in cranial skeleton: lessons from European newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris and Lissotriton vulgaris)","volume":"133","author":"Ivanovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib43","article-title":"Factoextra: extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses","author":"Kassambara","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110054","article-title":"Morphological integration and developmental modularity","volume":"39","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Sys"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130249","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0249","article-title":"Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis","volume":"369","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"The hyobranchium and throat myology of the adult Ambystomidae of the United States and northern Mexico","volume":"16","author":"Krogh","year":"1972","journal-title":"Brigham Young Univ Sci Bull Biol Ser"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04785.x","article-title":"Paedomorphosis in relation to rates of morphological and molecular evolution in the salamander Aneides flavipunctatus (Amphibia, Plethodontidae)","volume":"34","author":"Larson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13444","article-title":"Terrestriality constrains salamander limb diversification: implications for the evolution of pentadactyly","volume":"32","author":"Ledbetter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.04714","article-title":"Facultative paedomorphosis as a mechanism promoting intraspecific niche differentiation","volume":"127","author":"Lejeune","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34474-4","article-title":"The evolution of reproductive modes and life cycles in amphibians","volume":"13","author":"Liedtke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052200106","article-title":"Morphology and behavior of the feeding apparatus in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Amphibia: caudata)","volume":"220","author":"Lorenz\u00a0Elwood","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.70044","article-title":"Complete metamorphosis promotes morphological and functional diversity in Caudata","volume":"39","author":"Louppe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11240","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11240","article-title":"The neoteny goldilocks zone: the evolution of neoteny in Ambystoma","volume":"14","author":"Lyons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0773-1","volume-title":"Heterochrony: The Evolution of Ontogeny","author":"McKinney","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12052-012-0420-3","article-title":"Heterochrony: the evolution of development","volume":"5","author":"McNamara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evol Educ Outreach"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00321.x","article-title":"The evolutionary role of modularity and integration in the hominoid cranium","volume":"62","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.25.110194.003041","article-title":"Adaptation and constraint in the complex life cycles of animals","volume":"25","author":"Moran","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40851-021-00183-x","article-title":"Paedomorphosis in the Ezo salamander (Hynobius retardatus) rediscovered after almost 90 years","volume":"7","author":"Okamiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoological Lett"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2307\/1443692","article-title":"Life history aspects of paedognic populations of the mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum","volume":"1978","author":"Patterson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-12-141","article-title":"Modularity as a source of new morphological variation in the mandible of hybrid mice","volume":"12","author":"Renaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9052-0","article-title":"Morphological integration at 50: patterns and processes of integration in biological anthropology","volume":"36","author":"Rolian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05451.x","article-title":"An endocrine\u2013based model for developmental and morphogenetic diversification in metamorphic and paedomorphic urodeles","volume":"239","author":"Rose","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib63","first-page":"1684","article-title":"The developmental morphology of salamander skulls","volume-title":"Amphibian Biology","author":"Rose","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10110875","article-title":"The role of plasticity and adaptation in the incipient speciation of a fire salamander population","volume":"10","author":"Sabino-Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-810493-4.00011-0","article-title":"Morpho and Rvcg\u2013shape analysis in R: r-packages for geometric morphometrics, shape analysis and surface manipulations","volume-title":"Statistical Shape and Deformation Analysis","author":"Schlager","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-020-00373-x","article-title":"Ontogenetic plasticity in cranial morphology is associated with a change in the food processing behavior in Alpine newts","volume":"17","author":"Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Zool"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-019-04446-5","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptations to dissolved oxygen in larvae fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata)","volume":"190","author":"Segev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib68","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Paedomorphosis in Ambystoma talpoideum: maintenance of population variation and alternative life-history pathways","volume":"44","author":"Semlitsch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.11.006","article-title":"Morphological evolution through integration: a quantitative study of cranial integration in Homo, Pan, Gorilla and Pongo","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01355.x","article-title":"Heterochrony revisited: the evolution of developmental sequences","volume":"73","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib71","first-page":"433","article-title":"Amphibian metamorphosis as a model for studying the developmental actions of thyroid hormone","volume":"59","author":"Tata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.11.024","article-title":"Amphibian metamorphosis as a model for the developmental actions of thyroid hormone","volume":"246","author":"Tata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib73","volume-title":"Der Bergmolch\u2014im Flachland wie im Hochgebirge zu Hause","author":"Thiesmeier","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13743","article-title":"Testing the evolutionary constraints of metamorphosis: the ontogeny of head shape in Triturus newts","volume":"73","author":"Vu\u010di\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.1.36","article-title":"Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity","volume":"36","author":"Wagner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Zool"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02339.x","article-title":"Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability","volume":"50","author":"Wagner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012632590-4\/50005-8","article-title":"Terrestrial feeding in salamanders","volume-title":"Feeding: form, function and evolution in tetrapod vertebrates","author":"Wake","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820967116","article-title":"Ecomorphological diversification in squamates from conserved pattern of cranial integration","volume":"116","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1086\/418540","article-title":"Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis in salamanders","volume":"69","author":"Whiteman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.11.110180.000435","article-title":"Complex life cycles","volume":"11","author":"Wilbur","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"2026093008082092700_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01206.xa","article-title":"Evolutionary persistence of phenotypic integration: influence of developmental and functional relationships on complex trait evolution","volume":"60","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evolution"}],"container-title":["Integrative And Comparative Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag164\/71046728\/icag164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag164\/71046728\/icag164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag164\/71046728\/icag164.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1790770110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icb\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/icb\/icag164\/8792953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":81,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icag164","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-7023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-7023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"icag164"}}