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The morphology, function, and innervation of this tissue in airways is reviewed in actinopterygians, lungfish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles, birds, and mammals. Smooth muscle was likely involved in tension regulation ancestrally, and may serve to assist lung emptying in fishes and aquatic amphibians, as well as maintain internal lung structure. In certain non-avian reptiles and anurans antagonistic smooth muscle fibers may contribute to intrapulmonary gas mixing. In mammals and birds, smooth muscle regulates airway caliber, and may be important in controlling the distribution of ventilation at rest and exercise, or during thermoregulatory and vocal hyperventilation. Airway smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system: cranial cholinergic innervation generally causes excitation, cranial non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation causes inhibition, and spinal adrenergic (SA) input causes species-specific, often heterogeneous contractions and relaxations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T20:18:43Z","timestamp":1547497123000},"page":"10-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pulmonary Smooth Muscle in Vertebrates: A Comparative Review of Structure and Function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6905-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert L","family":"Cieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Utah, 247 South 1400 East, 201 South Biology, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020042620055608300_icz002-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06453.x","article-title":"Adrenergic and cholinergic effects on the heart, the lung and the spleen of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus","volume":"107","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"2020042620055608300_icz002-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1966.tb01542.x","article-title":"Physical aspects of swimbladder function","volume":"41","author":"Alexander","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"2020042620055608300_icz002-B212"},{"key":"2020042620055608300_icz002-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1975.229.6.1635","article-title":"Pentobarbital and 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