{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:15:08Z","timestamp":1789193708843,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aux\u00edlio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["FAPESP #2018\/20806-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP #2018\/20806-3"]}]},{"name":"CFANS Postdoctoral diversity fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mosaic evolution refers to the pattern whereby different organismal traits exhibit differential rates of evolution typically due to reduced levels of trait covariation through deep time (i.e., modularity). These differences in rates can be attributed to variation in responses to selective pressures between individual traits. Differential responses to selective pressures also have the potential to facilitate functional specialization, allowing certain traits to track environmental stimuli more closely than others. The teleost skull is a multifunctional structure comprising a complex network of bones and thus an excellent system for which to study mosaic evolution. Here we construct an ultrametric phylogeny for a clade of Neotropical electric fishes (Apteronotidae: Gymnotiformes) and use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to investigate patterns of mosaic evolution in the skull and jaws. We find strong support for a developmental, three-module hypothesis that consists of the face, braincase, and mandible, and we find that the mandible has evolved four times faster than its neighboring modules. We hypothesize that the functional specialization of the mandible in this group of fishes has allowed it to outpace the face and braincase and evolve in a more decoupled manner. We also hypothesize that this pattern of mosaicism may be widespread across other clades of teleost fishes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T19:09:06Z","timestamp":1555787346000},"page":"420-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Bony Patchwork: Mosaic Patterns of Evolution in the Skull of Electric Fishes (Apteronotidae: Gymnotiformes)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kory M","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Vidal-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A","family":"Tagliacollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Nazar\u00e9, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Conservation and Research, 3903 N. St Mary\u2019s Street, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante B","family":"Fenolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Conservation and Research, 3903 N. 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