{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:33:21Z","timestamp":1790627601402,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immune system represents a host\u2019s main defense against infection to parasites and pathogens. In the wild, a host\u2019s response to immune challenges can vary due to physiological condition, demography (age, sex), and coinfection by other parasites or pathogens. These sources of variation, which are intrinsic to natural populations, can significantly impact the strength and type of immune responses elicited after parasite exposure and infection. Importantly, but often neglected, a host\u2019s immune response can also vary within the individual, across tissues and between local and systemic scales. Consequently, how a host responds at each scale may impact its susceptibility to concurrent and subsequent infections. Here we analyzed how characteristics of hosts and their parasite infections drive variation in the pro-inflammatory immune response in wild wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) at both the local and systemic scale by experimentally manipulating within-host parasite communities through anthelmintic drug treatment. We measured concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) produced in vitro in response to a panel of toll-like receptor agonists at the local (mesenteric lymph nodes [MLNs]) and systemic (spleen) scales of individuals naturally infected with two gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and the protozoan Eimeria hungaryensis. Anthelmintic-treated mice had a 20-fold lower worm burden compared to control mice, as well as a four-fold higher intensity of the non-drug targeted parasite E. hungaryensis. Anthelmintic treatment differentially impacted levels of TNF-\u03b1 expression in males and females at the systemic and local scales, with treated males producing higher, and treated females lower, levels of TNF-\u03b1, compared to control mice. Also, TNF-\u03b1 was affected by host age, at the local scale, with MLN cells of young, treated mice producing higher levels of TNF-\u03b1 than those of old, treated mice. Using complementary, but distinct, measures of inflammation measured across within-host scales allowed us to better assess the wood mouse immune response to changes in parasite infection dynamics after anthelmintic treatment. This same approach could be used to understand helminth infections and responses to parasite control measures in other systems in order to gain a broader view of how variation impacts the immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T11:22:36Z","timestamp":1563967356000},"page":"1190-1202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Variation in Local and Systemic Pro-Inflammatory Immune Markers of Wild Wood Mice after Anthelmintic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Evelyn C","family":"Rynkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fashion Institute of Technology, State University of New York, New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Clerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon A","family":"Babayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy B","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019111919002869600_icz136-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132338","article-title":"Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan 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