{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:40:14Z","timestamp":1781206814431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To demonstrate that improvement in technical performance of congenital heart surgical trainees during ventricular septum defect (VSD) closure simulation translates to better patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seven trainees were divided into 2 groups. Experienced-fellows group included 4 senior trainees who had performed &amp;gt;5 VSD closures. Residents group consisted of 3 residents who had never performed a VSD closure. Experienced-fellows completed 3 VSD closures on real patients as a pretest. Both groups participated in a 4-week simulation requiring each participant to complete 2 VSD closures on three-dimensional printed models per week. One month later, all trainees returned for a post-test operation in real patients. All performances were recorded, blinded and scored independently by 2 cardiac surgeons using the validated Hands-On Surgical Training\u2013Congenital Heart Surgery (HOST-CHS). Predefined surgical outcomes were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The median HOST-CHS score increased significantly from week 1 to 4 [50 (39, 58) vs 73 (65, 74), P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001] during simulation. The improvement in the simulation of experienced-fellows successfully transferred to skill acquisition [HOST-CHS score 72.5 (71, 74) vs 54 (51, 60), P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001], with better patients outcomes including shorter total cross-clamp time [pretest: 86 (70, 99) vs post-test: 60 (53, 64)\u2009min, P\u2009=\u20090.006] and reduced incidence of major patch leak requiring multiple pump runs [pretest: 4\/11 vs post-test: 0\/9, P\u2009=\u20090.043]. After simulation, the technical performance and surgical outcomes of Residents were comparable to Experienced-fellows in real patients, except for significantly longer cross-clamp time [Residents: 76.5 (71.7, 86.8) vs Experienced-fellows: 60 (53, 64) min, P\u2009=\u20090.002].<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Deliberate practice using simulation translates to better performance and surgical outcomes in real patients. Residents who had never completed a VSD closure could perform the procedures just as safely and effectively as their senior colleagues following simulation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivac122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T12:38:48Z","timestamp":1653309528000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical translation of surgical simulated closure of a ventricular septum defect"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary , England, 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