{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T16:10:09Z","timestamp":1752509409948,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Orphan Pharma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Myocardial protection is crucial for recovery after cardiac surgery. Despite older patients with more comorbidities, most surgeons still use potassium-induced depolarized arrest with cardioplegic solutions from more than 50\u2009years ago. However, this can cause calcium overload, mitochondrial injury and energy depletion. We tested a new polarizing cardioplegia (STH-pol) versus traditional depolarized arrest (STH-control) in an ischaemia\/reperfusion model of hearts with reduced ejection fraction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Six weeks post-MI, the hearts were isolated and perfused on an erythrocyte-perfused working heart system. Cold ischaemic arrest (4\u00b0C, 60\u2009min) was induced by STH-pol (n\u2009=\u200910) or STH-control (n\u2009=\u20098), followed by reperfusion (37\u00b0C, 45\u2009min). Haemodynamic variables were recorded throughout reperfusion, and tissue samples were taken at the end of reperfusion to analyse high-energy phosphates (HEP).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Administration of STH-pol resulted in comparable haemodynamic recovery after 60\u2009min ischaemia as STH-control induced cardioplegic arrest (left ventricular systolic pressure: 109.1\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4 vs 103.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6). Similarly, HEP levels did not differ between the two groups (ATP: 2.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u2009nmol\/mg protein and 2.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009nmol\/mg).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polarizing cardioplegic arrest did not lead to a statistically significant difference in myocardial protection as compared to a clinically relevant, standard cold blood cardioplegia in rat hearts with chronic MI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivaf157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T09:49:44Z","timestamp":1751881784000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The novel St Thomas\u2019 Hospital polarizing blood cardioplegia: results in hearts with reduced ejection fraction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Laurenz","family":"Wolner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra Lujza","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milat","family":"Inci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Hallstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4652-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4378-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4641-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno K","family":"Podesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75747-6_8","volume-title":"Postoperative Critical Care for Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients","author":"Conte AHRA","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.05.040","article-title":"Membrane polarity: a target for myocardial protection and reduced inflammation in adult and pediatric cardiothoracic surgery","volume":"140","author":"Dobson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.04.001","article-title":"Cardioplegia and cardiac surgery: pharmacological arrest and cardioprotection during global ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"127","author":"Chambers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.11.104","article-title":"St Thomas' Hospital polarizing blood cardioplegia improves hemodynamic recovery in a porcine model of cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"158","author":"Santer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3F","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90910-5","article-title":"Basic pharmacology of esmolol","volume":"56","author":"Gorczynski","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194485","article-title":"Cardioplegia between evolution and revolution: from depolarized to polarized cardiac arrest in adult cardiac surgery","volume":"10","author":"Francica","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90572-6","article-title":"Magnesium: nature's physiologic calcium blocker","volume":"108","author":"Iseri","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.96.9.3148","article-title":"Comparison of polarized and depolarized arrest in the isolated rat heart for long-term preservation","volume":"96","author":"Snabaitis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S661","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-4975(02)04688-x","article-title":"Mechanisms and alternative methods of achieving cardiac arrest","volume":"75","author":"Chambers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.115919","article-title":"Myocardial protection: the efficacy of an ultra-short-acting beta-blocker, esmolol, as a cardioplegic agent","volume":"122","author":"Bessho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezab466","article-title":"Short-term outcome of adenosine\u2013lidocaine\u2013magnesium polarizing cardioplegia in humans","volume":"61","author":"Francica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx035","article-title":"Myocardial energy metabolism and ultrastructure with polarizing and depolarizing cardioplegia in a porcine model","volume":"52","author":"Aass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezv488","article-title":"Myocardial function after polarizing versus depolarizing cardiac arrest with blood cardioplegia in a porcine model of cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"50","author":"Aass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/61033","article-title":"Semi-minimal invasive method to induce myocardial infarction in rats and the assessment of cardiac function by an isolated working heart system","author":"Pilz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I277","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000032903.33237.40","article-title":"Optimizing ischemia\/reperfusion in the failing rat heart\u2014improved myocardial protection with acute ACE inhibition","volume":"106","author":"Podesser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ivac152","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivac152","article-title":"Normothermic blood polarizing versus depolarizing cardioplegia in a porcine model of cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"35","author":"Kramer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34319-3","article-title":"Adenosine versus potassium cardioplegia: effects on cardiac arrest and postischemic recovery in the isolated rat heart","volume":"98","author":"Schubert","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00228","article-title":"Hyperkalemic cardioplegia for adult and pediatric surgery: end of an era?","volume":"4","author":"Dobson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872618812148","article-title":"Editor's choice\u2014Reperfusion cardiac arrhythmias and their relation to reperfusion-induced cell death","volume":"8","author":"van der Weg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2025071411464184500_ivaf157-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1999.79.2.609","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial stunning","volume":"79","author":"Bolli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Interdisciplinary CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icvts\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/icvts\/ivaf157\/63688167\/ivaf157.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icvts\/article-pdf\/40\/7\/ivaf157\/63688167\/ivaf157.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icvts\/article-pdf\/40\/7\/ivaf157\/63688167\/ivaf157.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T15:46:48Z","timestamp":1752508008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icvts\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/icvts\/ivaf157\/8190191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icvts\/ivaf157","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-670X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2753-670X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"article-number":"ivaf157"}}