{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:09:55Z","timestamp":1781100595153,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PhD student at Maastricht University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mitral valve disease remains one of the most prevalent and complex cardiac conditions, with treatment strategies varying based on anatomical and pathological factors. The heterogeneity in mitral valve morphology complicates standardized treatment, highlighting the importance of procedural planning and surgical training. This systematic review evaluates current techniques, materials, and clinical applications of 3D printing in mitral valve disease, with a focus on procedural planning and simulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE databases was conducted to identify studies published from 1996 to August 2025. A total of 63 studies were included, all involving 3D printing technologies related to mitral valve disease. Extracted data covered imaging modalities, software tools, printing techniques, materials used, total time required for model creation, and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CT, 3D transoesophageal echocardiography, and MRI were the main imaging modalities, with CT being the most common. Data segmentation and model generation were performed using software such as Mimics, 3D Slicer, and Philips QLAB. The primary 3D printing techniques were stereolithography, fused deposition modelling, and PolyJet, using photopolymer resins and thermoplastics. Total processing time\u2014from image acquisition to model completion\u2014ranged from 45 min to 72 h, depending on complexity. Applications included procedural planning, surgical training, and the development of medical and simulation-based educational devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D printing enhances mitral valve surgery by enabling precise planning and training. Although challenges like standardization and accessibility persist, advances in imaging, software, and materials are expected to expand its clinical impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivag155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T11:35:14Z","timestamp":1779622514000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D Printing for Mitral Valve Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3698-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Pavlykova-Chertovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7823-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shokoufeh","family":"Cheheili Sobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1748-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasyl","family":"Lazoryshynets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amosov National Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine , Kyiv 03038,","place":["Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2296-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyman","family":"Sardari Nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061009513846800_ivag155-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy306","article-title":"Mitral valve modelling and three-dimensional printing for planning and simulation of mitral valve repair","volume":"55","author":"Daemen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026061009513846800_ivag155-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G87","DOI":"10.1530\/ERP-20-0034","article-title":"The assessment of mitral valve disease: a guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography","volume":"8","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echo Res Pract"},{"key":"2026061009513846800_ivag155-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.243562","article-title":"Degenerative mitral valve repair: from etiology, pathology, surgical strategy to durability","volume":"131","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2026061009513846800_ivag155-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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