{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:01:03Z","timestamp":1763748063751,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D)-printing technologies in cardiovascular surgery have provided a new way to tailor surgical and percutaneous treatments. Digital information from standard cardiac imaging is integrated into physical 3D models for an accurate spatial visualization of anatomical details. We reviewed the available literature and analysed the different printing technologies, the required procedural steps for 3D prototyping, the used cardiac imaging, the available materials and the clinical implications. We have highlighted different materials used to replicate aortic and mitral valves, vessels and myocardial properties. 3D printing allows a heuristic approach to investigate complex cardiovascular diseases, and it is a unique patient-specific technology providing enhanced understanding and tactile representation of cardiovascular anatomies for the procedural planning and decision-making process. 3D printing may also be used for medical education and surgical\/transcatheter training. Communication between doctors and patients can also benefit from 3D models by improving the patient understanding of pathologies. Furthermore, medical device development and testing can be performed with rapid 3D prototyping. Additionally, widespread application of 3D printing in the cardiovascular field combined with tissue engineering will pave the way to 3D-bioprinted tissues for regenerative medicinal applications and 3D-printed organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivz250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T00:19:38Z","timestamp":1569543578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Three-dimensional printing in adult cardiovascular medicine for surgical and transcatheter procedural planning, teaching and technological innovation"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-3242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changtian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-1153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Taramasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3691-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Maisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Pirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Berdajs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwig Karl","family":"von Segesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019102106190814100_ivz250-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.12.001","article-title":"Cardiac 3D printing and its future directions","volume":"10","author":"Vukicevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2019102106190814100_ivz250-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2017.01.12","article-title":"3D printing from cardiovascular CT: a practical guide and review","volume":"7","author":"Otton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2019102106190814100_ivz250-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.170","article-title":"Applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"13","author":"Giannopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev 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